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Key Concepts Chart
Key Concepts Chart (World War II)
Key Concepts
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Explanation
Extra Information
The treaty that ended the “war to
end all wars” did not create a “just
and secure peace.”
Hitler and Mussolini both
subscribed to this philosophy and
used to consolidate control over
their respective countries. Fascism
is an very conservative ideology
Treaty of
Versailles
Treaty that ended WWI.
fascism
political philosophy that
emphasizes the importance of
the nation or an ethnic group,
and the supreme authority of
the leader over that of the
individual
Nazism
an extreme form of fascism
shaped by Hitler’s fanatical
ideas about German
nationalism and racial
superiority
Hitler used propaganda, parades,
rallies, and regalia in order to
restore German pride and
manipulate the German people into
supporting his policies
Totalitarianism
A government that exerts total
control over the nation and
citizens’ lives
Not necessarily evil, but usually is.
Government uses terror and
restricts individual rights.
Importance of the group (nation)
over the individual
Axis power
aggression
Germany – Austria,
Czechoslovakia, Sudetenland,
Poland, Belgium, France
Aggressors typically receive the
most punishment. Axis powers
clearly the aggressors in the war.
Japan – China, Manchuria
Italy - Ethiopia
Munich
Conference
Meeting between Neville
Chamberlain, Adolf Hitler,
and Benito Mussolini in
September 1938. Britain and
France give the Sudetenland
to Hitler in order to appease
him.
Seen as one of the biggest mistakes
of the war for the Allies. It does
not work, Hitler never intended to
stop taking territory.
Appeasement
giving into a competitor’s
demands in order to keep the
peace
Usually associated with the Munich
Conference, fails to prevent World
War II. Neville Chamberlain
claimed “Peace in our time” yet it
only delayed the inevitable
NonAggression
Pact
Signed between Hitler and
Stalin, said that Nazi
Germany and the Soviet
Union would not fight each
Stalin thought Hitler had no plans
to invade the Soviet Union. The
pact will cease when Hitler
eventually invades the USSR in
Key Concepts Chart
other when war broke out
between the Allies and the
Axis Powers
1941
U.S.
isolationism
U.S. is focused on getting out It was clear that we supported the
of the Depression. Benefitted Allies, yet FDR stressed neutrality
us more to make money off the
war and stay out of the
fighting.
Neutrality
Acts
Several acts, which banned
U.S. from providing weapons
to warning nations, loans to
warring nations.
“Four
Freedoms”
speech
FDR
1) Freedom of speech
2) Freedom of worship
We were using “cash and carry”
European powers like France and
Britain would sail to U.S. ports,
pay cash for what they purchased,
and ship it back out using their
own ships (we assume little risk
this way)
Promoted democratic ideals for
world peace and prosperity, dealt
mainly with U.S. national security
though
3) Freedom from want
4) Freedom from fear
Lend-Lease
Act
Authorized FDR to aid any
nation whose defense he
thought was vital to American
security
Sent aid to Britain at first, then the
Soviet Union after Germany
invades. We gave aid to other
minor nations
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
The last time that we have officially
declared war was World War II.
The Japanese were angry at the
U.S. because we froze their
financial assets in the U.S. and cut
off oil shipments. We wanted to
check their expansion
In less than 2 hours, 2,400
Americans had been killed.
Many warplanes destroyed,
18 warships sunk or
damaged, including 8 out of 9
of the Pacific fleet’s
battleships
Office of War
Mobilization
Centralized resources for the
war effort under James F.
Byrnes, who had such broad
authority he was often called
the “assistant president”
Led to record production numbers.
We produced twice as much as the
Axis nations combined
Office of Price
Administration
Tried to control inflation by
limiting prices and rents
Also oversaw rationing in order to
fairly distribute scarce items.
deficit
When spending exceeds
Spending will go from $8.9 billion
Key Concepts Chart
spending
revenue aka you’re spending
more money than you’re
making and going into debt.
Propaganda
Attempting to sway public
opinion and stir emotion
based on exaggerated
“truths”
Rationing
Controlling and/or limiting
the amount of resources that
are consumed. Used during
the war to ensure that as
much could be sent overseas
to the troops as possible
victory
gardens
Backyard gardens that the
government encouraged
Americans to plant so they
could feed themselves and not
rely on factory production or
agricultural production
Idea was that we could send as
much food to troops overseas as
possible
war bond
drives
Encouraged Americans to buy
war bonds. Pay money now,
get a return on your
investment later
If I buy a war bond for $20 in
1941, I could cash it in years later
for more money, say $40 in 1951
for example
Rosie the
Riveter
Meant to inspire women to
take up the factory jobs that
their husbands, brothers, and
sons left behind and support
the war effort. One of the
most recognizable
propaganda posters from the
era.
Double V
Campaign
Victory at home and abroad.
Attempt by African Americans
to achieve civil rights
to $95.2 billion in 1945. We
obviously have no reservations
about deficit spending in modern
American economics. The national
debt is currently in the trillions.
Used heavily in World War II to
get Americans to conserve natural
resources, buy war bonds, plant
victory gardens, and in general
support the war effort
Americans had coupon books for
certain items that they could use to
purchase rationed goods.
Key Concepts Chart
progress at home during the
war.
Executive
Order 8802
Opened jobs and job training
programs in defense to all
Americans “without
discrimination because of
race, creed, color, or national
origin.”
FEPC Fair Employment Practices
Committee put in place to hear
complaints about job
discrimination
Congress of
Racial
Equality
A. Philip
Randolph
Use of nonviolent techniques
to end racism. Used sit-ins.
Paved the way for the Civil Rights
Movement in the 1950s and 60s
Tuskegee
Airmen
code talkers
1943 repeal of
Chinese
Exclusion Act
Labor and civil rights leader
during WWII and later on
with MLK
Thanks to his efforts, the
government helped protect the
rights of minorities in the
workplace by cracking down on
discrimination
First African American flying African Americans got the
unit in the U.S. military
opportunity to fight due to large
casualties
Navajo Indians developed a
Provided important secure
secret code based on their
communications link in several key
language that the enemy could battles of the war. There’s even a
not break
2002 movie about it called Wind
Talkers.
Shows that while
China was also our ally in the war,
discrimination was still
and we want to stay favorable in
practiced, the U.S.
their eyes, at least until 1949 when
government is starting to lax
they fell to communism.
some.
Zoot-Suit
Riots of 1943
Fights between sailors and
Mexican Americans in LA.
Sailors aid the Mexicans were
not dressed “American”
Police sided with the sailors,
though they started the fights/riots
Shows the racial prejudice that
existed against Mexican Americans
Japanese
internment
Forced relocation under
Executive order 9066 of all
Japanese Americans living on
the West Coast
Korematsu v.
United States
Fred Korematsu refused to
relocate and was arrested.
Korematsu appealed, saying
his civil rights were violated
Confined in remote areas far from
the coast, in wooden shacks
surrounded by barbed wire.
Cramped living conditions that
resembled concentration camps in
Europe
Supreme Court ruled that the
relocation policy was not based on
race and therefore justified. Years
later in 1988, Congress passed a
law rewarding any surviving
Key Concepts Chart
Battle of the
Atlantic
Allied warships used sonar to
locate and attack German
submarines (U-boats). Began
using long range sub-hunting
aircraft
Battle of
Stalingrad
Considered the turning point
of the war in Europe. The
cold Russian winter stopped
German advancement into
USSR. The Soviets
counterattack and lose
approximately 1 million but
take 350,000 Nazis with them
North Africa
Campaign
Eisenhower vs. Rommel in the
desert. Americans lose a key
battle yet issue a counterattack and take over the area.
D-Day
member of the internment camps
with a tax-free payment of $20,000.
1988 was also the same year Die
Hard came out, and the Japanese
CEO in the film was an internment
camp survivor
Once the German U-boats were
made less effective, it proved a key
turning point in the European
naval theater.
The German offensive stalls,
Russians begin to regain lost
ground and push towards
Germany.
Casablanca Conference following
the campaign, where Churchill and
Roosevelt agree to: 1) Europe
needed to be dealt with first 2)
nothing but the unconditional
surrender of the Axis Powers
Largest amphibian invasion in Once Western France is taken, it
world history on June 6, 1944. marks the beginning of the end for
Allies invade Western Europe Hitler. Though a huge victory,
by landing on the beaches of
many Allied lives were lost in
Normandy, France.
taking Omaha beach
Battle of
Midway
Huge naval victory for the
Allies vs. Japan
Considered the turning point in the
Pacific Theater
Battle of
Okinawa
One of the bloodiest battles of
the Pacific theater. It was the
last major stronghold before
the invasion of Japan.
island hopping
U.S. strategy in the Pacific
pursued by Douglas
MacArthur. Also called
“leapfrogging,” U.S. would
The Japanese fight to the death,
leading to heavy casualties on both
sides. One of the reasons Truman
drops the bombs is because he saw
how fiercely the Japanese fought at
Iwo Jima and Okinawa: they would
fight equally as hard if the Allies
invaded Japan.
Called leapfrogging because of the
way we jumped from one lily pad to
the next on our way to Japan.
Key Concepts Chart
take islands one at a time in
progression that they could
use for bomber bases for
planes to take off from to
bomb Japan
kamikaze
pilots
Pilots towards the end of the
war that sacrificed themselves
by crashing their planes into
Allied ships.
Many kamikaze planes were loaded
with bombs in order to inflict as
much damage as possible.
Manhattan
Project
Top secret project to develop
the atomic bomb
the Big Three
of WWII
FDR, Churchill, and Stalin…
and their respective countries.
They meet at several
conferences during the war to
decide the fate of Europe after
the war
First bomb field tested in the New
Mexico desert. Robert
Oppenheimer, the chief architect
behind the bomb, said “Now I am
become Death, the destroyer of
worlds.”
Churchill and FDR became fast
friends, but they did not trust
Stalin, who used the war as an
excuse to take up territory.
Atlantic
Charter
Churchill and FDR agree:
1) No territorial
expansion
2) Self determination for
colonies
These principles led to the
founding of the United Nations.
Unlike its predecessor, the League
of Nations, the UN actually had
teeth and could exert pressure on
countries to behave.
3) World peace
4) Abandonment of the
use of force
Potsdam
conference
Truman tells Stalin that we
Last conference of the war.
have a new weapon to use in
Truman, Stalin, Clement Atlee
the war in order to intimidate
him (atomic bomb). The
future of Germany and Poland
are also discussed
Tehran
conference
Churchill and FDR promise
Stalin that a cross-Channel
invasion of Nazi-held Europe
was coming, Stalin promised
to enter the war against Japan
Big Three also promise Chiang
Kai-shek that all Chinese
territories taken by Japan would be
returned after the war.
Key Concepts Chart
upon Germany’s defeat
Yalta
conference
Established the UN and the
UN Security Council with the
five permanent members
U.S., France, U.K., U.S.S.R., and
China
Holocaust
Systematic genocide of the
Jews in Europe. German
people looked for someone to
blame for their problems.
Nuremberg
Trials
A military tribunal composed
of members selected by the
Allies executed half of the 24
Nazi defendants
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
Supreme Allied Commander
in World War II. Very
capable military commander
and future president. Fought
mainly in the European
theater.
2/3 of Europe’s Jewish population
would lose their lives in
concentration camps. Other
undesirables were homosexuals,
Jehovah’s witnesses, Gypsies, and
the homeless
Established the precedent that
individuals are responsible for
their own actions. “we were only
following orders” was no longer a
viable excuse.
Very good at judging his
subordinates and delegating
authority.
Douglas
MacArthur
Commander of Allied forces
in the Pacific Theater.
Pursued the islandhopping
strategy and would later
command U.S. forces in the
Korean War 1950-53
Called “American Caesar,”
MacArthur had Supreme Command
in the Pacific, answering to no one
other than FDR.
Adm. Chester
Nimitz
Admiral of the Allied fleet in
the Pacific, oversaw key
victories like Coral Sea and
Midway
A lesser known name, yet Nimitz
scored several decisive Allied
victories.
Harry S.
Truman
FDR’s successor, was left to
him to decide whether or not
to drop the atomic bomb. He
would be reelected to a
second term
Felt it would save American lives
so he dropped it. Never regretted
the decision, said Americans
“should do their weeping at Pearl
Harbor.”
United Nations
International peacekeeping
community established after
World War 2
Uses primarily economic sanctions
to keep countries in line. NATO
has more military might in reality.
Key Concepts Chart