* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 1 - Daniel O`Brien
Mount Rainier wikipedia , lookup
Olympus Mons wikipedia , lookup
Llullaillaco wikipedia , lookup
Large igneous province wikipedia , lookup
Itcha Range wikipedia , lookup
Level Mountain wikipedia , lookup
Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve wikipedia , lookup
Mount Pleasant Caldera wikipedia , lookup
Mount Pinatubo wikipedia , lookup
Cerro Blanco (volcano) wikipedia , lookup
Volcano (1997 film) wikipedia , lookup
Mount St. Helens wikipedia , lookup
Nevado del Ruiz wikipedia , lookup
Shield volcano wikipedia , lookup
Mount Vesuvius wikipedia , lookup
Mount Edziza volcanic complex wikipedia , lookup
Mount Meager massif wikipedia , lookup
Volcanology of Io wikipedia , lookup
Mount Garibaldi wikipedia , lookup
Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field wikipedia , lookup
Mount Pelée wikipedia , lookup
Cerro Azul (Chile volcano) wikipedia , lookup
1. A) Garibaldi Volcanic Belt Map including the Volcanoes of Whistler This is a map of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and Mount Garibaldi area. Mounts Garibaldi, Cayley and Meager are the three volcanoes in the Whistler area. Info: http://www.pep.bc.ca/hazard_preparedness/volcano/volcano-hazards-in-bc.pdf Map: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Garibaldi_Volcanic_Belten.svg/776px-Garibaldi_Volcanic_Belt-en.svg.png B) The Volcanic Features of Whistler The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a north-south range of volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia, Canada and it includes the Mounts Cayley, Fee, Garibaldi, Price, Meager, the Bridge River Cones, and the Squamish Volcanic Field. The formation of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt was caused by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate and the Explorer plates under the North American Plate along the Cascadia subduction zone. It is a 1,094 km-long fault, which extends 80 km off the west-coast of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The plates move approximately over 0.4 inches (10 mm) annually at an adequate oblique angle to the subduction zone. The main areas of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt within a 100km radius of Whistler include Mounts Garibaldi, Cayley and Meager. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Garibaldi_Volcanic_Belt C) Threat to Whistler under Explosive Eruptions Mounts Garibaldi and Cayley are the two volcanoes that are the most likely to affect the community of Whistler if an eruption should occur. Although no Plinian eruptions (with dense clouds of gas and tephra being propelled upwards for many kilometres) have been identified in Mount Garibaldi's eruptive history, even Peléan eruptions (avalanches caused by volcanos consisting of large quantities of gas, dust, ash, and lava) could create large amounts of ash that could significantly affect Whistler. Ash columns may rise to several hundred meters above the volcano, posing as a possible threat to Vancouver's air traffic due to its close proximity. Furthermore, the leftover glacial ice covering the Mount Garibaldi which continues to melt may cause floods, lahars, or debris flows that might pose as a possible threat to nearby communities. An eruption creating floods could demolish sections of Highway 99, a road used for traveling to Whistler, which is already burdened by landslides and debris flows from the Coast Mountains. Moreover, during the verge of its next eruption, the continued presence of magma near the surface of Mount Cayley in the future would eventually make contact with surface water, causing phreatic eruptions and debris flows, which would force Highway 99 to be closed or require improvement. Info: http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Mount_Garibaldi http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Mount_Cayley http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Whistler,_British_Columbia Peléan eruption def: http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/Pe/Pelean+eruption.html Plinian eruption def: http://www.answers.com/topic/plinian-eruption-1 2. Most Active Volcanic Region and Recent Eruption in Canada The most active volcanic region in Canada is the Stikine Volcanic Belt (or Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province). This massive volcanic region stretches from just north of Prince Rupert, into the Yukon Territory and the Alaska border, and contains over 100 volcanoes. During the last few hundred years, 3 of these volcanoes have erupted and 2 of these eruptions were witnessed by people. This belt includes Mount Edziza, Level Mount, Volcano Mount, and the young Tseax Cone (240 years), Lava Fork (360 years) and Ruby Mount (103 years). The formation of these volcanoes resulted in the extensional fracturing of the crust in response to the Pacific Ocean plate dragging northward along the edge of the North American plate, towards the Aleution subduction zone. The most recent volcanic eruption in Canada was the Lava Fork. based on tree-ring-core dating and 14C dating, the youngest lava flow is approximately 150 years old. Lava Fork is within Canada's most active volcanic region and is one of 10 volcanoes found along or near the Iskut River. Lava Fork's deposits contain mostly basaltic lava flows (approximately 22 km long in total), which erupted from a vent high up on the side of a glaciated, U-shaped valley and streamed 5 km southward, crossing the border into Alaska, dammed the Blue River, and formed several small lakes. Large trees that were engulfed by the lava flows currently remain lodged in the top of the flows and can be found in many areas. Today, the site of the most recent volcanic eruption in Canada is protected by the Lava Forks Provincial Park. Info: http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/map/index_e.php http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_lfk_040 http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/explore/parkpgs/lava_forks/ 3. A) Volcanic Gas Emissions The most abundant gases usually released into the atmosphere from volcanoes are carbon dioxide (C02) and sulfur dioxide (S02) which pose the greatest potential hazard to people, animals, agriculture, and property. The increase in ratios of gas and steam emissions from fumaroles, mudpots and solfataras often display that the magma is rising closer to the surface. Obtaining this information is generally challenging as the emissions damage instruments and are noxious to their observers. Today, volcanologists use so-called "Japanese boxes" (beakers of potassium hydroxide, a strong and basic solution) routinely, and sometimes they have to manually assess the beakers. As the highly acidic gases released by the volcano percolate through holes in a crate covering the beakers, they progressively alter the solution's composition in months before a large eruption. This helps them in predicting future eruptions. Info: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.php http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vesuvius/predict.html http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/volcanoes/prediction.php B) Volcanologist Lava Sampling Fresh, hot, lava samples provide important information about the activity within a volcano's magma chambers. For instance, volcanologists can differ between the magma that has moved up quickly from deep within the Earth and the magma stored for many years in a shallow chamber within the volcano. It's important for scientists to get the samples while they're hot and quickly cool them in cold water to avoid chemical changes that result from the crystallization during slow cooling. Lava cooled into a solid is called an igneous rock. Volcanologists also regularly monitor lava temperatures, another indicator, in anticipation of forecasting major eruptions. Photo: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-causes-a-volcano-to Info: http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1997/97_03_14.html http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-causes-a-volcano-to http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_makes_lava_turn_into_igneous_rock