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RenaissanceArts Home guest| Join | Help | Sign In RenaissanceArts Wiki Home Recent Changes Pages and Files Members Julie Tervil HUM 2230 Prof. Harris 04/20/2010 Renaissance art and philosophy in literature Literature plays an important role in the Renaissance era. In the fourteenth-century, Europeans manifested an unprecedented preoccupation with differences in class, gender, and personality. Both in literature and art, there emerged a new fidelity to nature and to personal experience in the everyday world. Let’s take a view in some different times frame of the renaissance. Renaissance Literature refers to the period in European literature, which began in Italy during the 14th century and spread around Europe through the 17th century. The impact of the Renaissance varied across the continent; countries that were predominantly Catholic or Protestant experienced the Renaissance differently compared to areas where the Orthodox Church was dominant as reflecting on its culture, as well as those areas of Europe under Islamic rule. The creation of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg encouraged authors to write in the local vernacular rather than in Greek or Latin classical languages, widening the reading audience and promoting the spread of Renaissance ideas. A prime example of the writings of the time are the works of William Shakespeare, who was fundamental in the spread of Renaissance ideas. Northern Beginnings The Renaissance began in Italy, and slowly spread north, to France, Germany, and the Low Countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Eventually it reached the British Isles and Scandinavia. This Northern Renaissance has very distinct characteristics that set it apart from its Italian counterpart. By the end of the Hundred Years War, in 1453, changes in art, literature and philosophy were brewing in Northern Europe. The Renaissance came to Northern Europe via the French King, Francis I. Francis rebuilt the palace at Fontainebleau, introducing the Italian Mannerist Style, with its dense Roman detailing to its interior decor. He also brought the famed Italian artist, Leonardo Da Vinci to the French Court. Da Vinci undoubtedly had a great influence over many local artists. Latin Literature - the literature of ancient Rome and of that written in Latin in later eras Very little remains of the ritualistic songs, and the native poetry of the Romans and Latins before the rise of a literature. The history of the Roman Empire is fundamental to the fabric of this literature: in the first three centuries of its development, the influence of captive Greece was all-pervasive. The Development of a Classical Style The close of the First Punic War (c.240 b.c.) marks the beginning of literary work in Rome with the plays of the slave Livius Andronicus, adapted from the Greek. The epic poet Gnaeus Naevius also wrote dramas, but he was far surpassed by the greatest of Roman dramatists, Plautus, a master of comedy. In his SatiresEnnius introduced the hexameter into Latin; Cato the Elder opposed the hellenizing group, to which Ennius belonged, and wrote his works in as rude a Latin as possible. However, his efforts had little effect and the works of Terence, Greek in scene and origin, manifest the tremendous interchange of Greek and Latin writing. The 1st cent. b.c., the last era of the Roman republic, produced some of the greatest figures in Latin literature—the encyclopedist Varro, the statesmen and prose masters Cicero and Julius Caesar, the poets Lucretius and Catullus, and the historian Sallust. Vergil, the greatest of Latin epic poets, exemplifies a new atmosphere in the Augustan age, with his celebration—and somber questioning—of the new empire. In his epodes, odes, and satires, the poet Horace brought the Latin lyric to perfection, while the elegy was cultivated by Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid. The notable historian of the age was Livy. Post-classical Literature During the first half of the 1st cent. a.d., Latin literature in its classical form was in decline. The works of Seneca, Lucan, Persius, and Statius typify a period in which the masters, both Latin and Greek, were imitated. Among the most original poets were Martial and Juvenal, celebrated for their satiric writings. Petronius, Frontinus, Pliny the Elder, Pliny the Younger (see under Pliny the Elder), and Tacitus were the chief writers of prose; Suetonius exemplified the richness of historical and biographical writing under the Principate, while Quintilian brought classical literary criticism to its greatest development. In the 2d cent. Marcus Fronto distinguished himself as an orator; his pupil Marcus Aurelius gained fame both as a ruler and as one of the masters of the Latin essay. In the 3d and 4th cent. the writings of Ausonius and Avienus extended beyond classical studies, developing traditional themes to deal with everyday life and the world of nature. Claudian is considered the best of the late poets. Ammianus Marcellinus was a noted historian. The philological scholars of the empire were numerous. These included Aulus Gellius, Terentianus, Macrobius, Martianus Capella, and Priscian. As the classical inspiration died, the tradition of Latin literature was borrowed from and carried forward in Christian writing. Prudentius attempted to build a Christian style on classical models, but failed. The Latin language became the standard language of the West and by far the greater bulk of medieval literature as well as records, documents, and letters was written in Latin (see patristic literature; Medieval Latin literature; Roman law). The Renaissance The literature of the Renaissance represents a conscious attempt to recapture the classical spirit. Most learned people cultivated Latin, and many of them succeeded in writing a Latin style that stands comparison with classical Latin models. Petrarch, Boccaccio, Poggio Bracciolini, Poliziano, Pontano, and Pius II were accomplished Latin writers. Erasmus violently attacked the ubiquitous Ciceronianism of the time. Later Latin Literature Good Latin poets have been fewer since the Renaissance, but George Buchanan and John Milton are among the exceptions. Among the great scholars whose major works were written in Latin were Thomas More, Baruch Spinoza, Francis Bacon, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, and Isaac Newton. Latin literature, as such, is nearly dead, for its cultivation is limited to the ever-narrowing circles of classicists and to the Roman Catholic Church, which adds new matter to the liturgy only rarely and confines use of extraliturgical Latin to official, nonliterary documents. See J. W. Duff, A Literary History of Rome (3d ed., repr. 1979); E. J. Kenney, ed., Cambridge History of Classical Literature, Vol. II (1982); J. Sullivan, Literature and Politics in the Age of Nero (1985); B. Baldwin, ed., An Anthology of Later Latin Renaissance Authors & their Works Lyric poetry and song were one of the things that succeeded during Elizabethan England. One of the most famous songwriters was Thomas Campion. His five collections of songs alongside "lute" accompaniment was made available to all social groups. Undoubtedly, the Elizabethan period was the pinnacle of drama. Some of the greatest dramatists at the time were Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson. In addition to these writers, there were dozens of other fine writers including ones that were knighted, including Sir Thomas Wyatt, and Sir Walter Raleigh.. Blank verse became the standard by which these dramatists used to construct their literary works, especially in the areas of tragedy and comedy. Several of Shakespeare's tragedies such as Hamlet, and Macbeth were written using blank verse as was his comedies. Literature (1987). http://www.angelfire.com/journal/LiteratureOfEngland/Pictures/Chris_Marlowe.jpg http://www.angelfire.com/journal/LiteratureO Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare French Literature French Literature - Renaissance French Renaissance Literature - 16th Century In Italy the Renaissance had already begun, but in France it was only at the beginning of the 16th century that its influence began taking hold. French writers of the period began to replace theological themes typical of medieval times with themes focusing on humanism, in which life and learning is centered more on man than on God. Literature and Poetry In the early Renaissance, especially in Italy, much of the focus was on translating and studying classic works from Latin and Greek. Both the cultures were highly admired in the Renaissance, especially after the newly labeled Dark Ages. Renaissance authors were not content to rest on the laurels of ancient authors, however. Many authors attempted to integrate the methods and styles of the ancient greats into their own works. Among the most emulated Romans are Cicero, Horace, Sallust, and Virgil. Among the Greeks, Aristotle, Homer, Plato, and Socrates were also heavily emulated by Renaissance authors. The literature and poetry of the Renaissance was also largely influenced by the developing science and philosophy. The humanist Francesco Petrarch, a key figure in the renewed sense of scholarship, was also an accomplished poet, publishing several important works of poetry. He wrote poetry in Latin, notably the Punic War epic Africa, but is today remembered for his works in the Italian vernacular, especially the Canzoniere, a collection of love sonnets dedicated to his unrequited love Laura. He was the foremost writer of sonnets in Italian, and translations of his work into English by Thomas Wyatt established the sonnet form in that country, where it was employed by William Shakespeare and countless other poets. Petrarch's disciple, Giovanni Boccaccio, became a major author in his own right. His major work was the “Decameron”, a collection of one hundred stories told by ten storytellers who have fled to the outskirts of Florence to escape the black plague over ten nights. The Decameron in particular and Boccaccio's work in general were a major source of inspiration and plots for many English authors in the Renaissance, including William Shakespeare. Aside from Christianity, classical antiquity, and scholarship, a fourth influence on Renaissance literature was politics. The political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli is an important Italian author. His most famous work is The Prince, which has become so well-known in Western society that the term "Machiavellian" has come into use, referring to the self-serving attitude advocated by the book. However, most experts agree that Machiavelli himself did not fully embrace the tactics in his book, making "Machiavellian" a slightly inaccurate term. Regardless, along with many other Renaissance works, The Prince remains a relevant and influential work of literature today. Addiitonally, many sixteenth-century authors such as Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare expressed spiritual conflict through their writing. Spenser's Faerie Queene, for example, depicts the struggle of a staunchly Protestant knight of Holiness against the forces of Roman Catholicism. The top six most popular plays by William Shakespeare are: Hamlet - most famous of the William Shakespeare plays Othello - second most famous of the William Shakespeare plays Macbeth - third most famous of the William Shakespeare plays Romeo and Juliet - fourth most famous of the William Shakespeare plays The Tempest - fifth most famous of the William Shakespeare plays Julius Caesar - sixth most famous of the William Shakespeare plays Renaissance music 1.doc Download 0 1 … 0 Tags o No tags Notify RSS Backlinks Backlinks The following pages contain links back to this file Page Date Edited 1 of 1 homeApr 24, 2010 Help · About · Blog · Pricing · Privacy · Terms · Support · Upgrade Contributions to http://renaissancearts.wikispaces.com/ are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License. Portions not contributed by visitors are Copyright 2017 Tangient LLC TES: The largest network of teachers in the world