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Download Ch. 18, Classification
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Ch. 18, Classification Sec. 18-1 Finding Order In Diversity • Biologists have identified 1.5 million species, and they estimate 2-100 million species have yet to be identified • Order out of chaos? • Classification – A system to name and group organisms in a logical order, used to study diversity of life • Taxonomy – Classifying organisms and giving them a universally accepted name Scientific Name? Common Name? • Using common names is confusing – Mountain lion, cougar, bear cat, puma, panther Grrrrrr. . • 18th century scientists agreed to use a single name for each species, and to use Latin as the common language • Carolus Linnaeus- a Swedish botanist Box 8 (mid 1700’s) who developed the binominal nomenclature system of 2 Rules of the Binominal Nomenclature System: naming organisms 1. Written in italics – Binominal Nomenclature = 2. First word is 2 word naming system we capitalized, second still use today word is in lower case Carolus Linnaeus All bears are NOT alike- but they are all bears. Scientific Names Scientific Names of bears: Common Name: Grizzly Bear Scientific Name: Ursidae Ursus arctos Common Name: Polar Bear Scientific Name: Ursidae Ursus maritimus Common Name: Black Bear Scientific Name: Ursidae Ursus americanus What are the reoccurring words? Common Name: Panda Bear Scientific Name: Ursidae Ailuropoda melanoleuca Common Name: Sloth Bear Scientific Name: Ursidae Melursus ursinus Scientific Names • For a grizzly bear, Ursus is the genus name Common Name: Grizzly Bea and arctos is the species name Scientific Name: Ursus arcto • Species names are unique to that individual group of organisms and are usually a description of an important trait or an indication of where that organism lives • Ursus maritimus, where does he live? – Maritim means to live near the sea Felis domesticus, cat what does “domesticus” mean? Domesticus = “of the house” Meow. Common Name: Polar Bear Scientific Name: Ursus maritimus Linnaeus’s System of Classification • Linnaeus’s system is hierarchical, and includes 7 levels (largest to smallest) Example: Humans Kingdom Animalia Largest- plants, animals, insects, fish, bacteria- everything fits in here Phylum King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti Chordata Class Mammalia Order Family Genus Species Smallest Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens Bear Classification as an Example Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Squirrel Coral snak e Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora Question: Which organism is more closely related to the polar bear, the squirrel or the fox? FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Common Name: Polar Bear Scientific Name: Ursus maritimus Sec. 18-3 Kingdoms and Domains Tree of Life • In Linnaeus’s time, life was much simpler. Either you were a plant or an animal. • Today, classification is more complicated. – Protists? Bacteria? Viruses? Domain Three Domain System • Now, we have another level added to Linnaeus’s 7 level system, called Domains • Today, we have 3 Domains – Bacteria = all bacteria in the kingdom Eubacteria, unicellular, members are Prokaryotes – Archae = includes the kingdom Archaebacteria – Eukarya = protists, fungi, plants and animals Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Section 18-3 Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Page 459 DOMAIN Bacteria Classification of Living Eukarya Archaea Things KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria CELL TYPE Prokaryote Prokaryote CELL STRUCTUR ES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or Autotroph or heterotroph heterotroph Streptococcu s, Escherichia coli Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote May have cell walls of cellulose and/or chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotrop Amoeba, Parameciu h m, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Plantae Animalia Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Some unicellular; most multicellul ar Heterotrop h Mushroom s, yeasts No cell Cell walls walls or of chloroplast cellulose; s chloroplast s Multicellular Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Heterotrop h Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Classification Crest: • On the left side pages, directly across from your notes, you are to create a classification crest. Create a crest for King Phillip. Be sure to include the phrase, King Phillip came over for good spaghetti and the 7 levels of classification: • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species • Include Color!!!
