Download Chapter 17 Part 1: The Renaissance Begins

Chapter 17 Part 1: The Renaissance Begins
I. The Italian Renaissance
-The Renaissance in Europe occurred between 1350 and 1550.
-Europeans believed that people could change the world for the better.
-The Renaissance began in Italy. Florence and Venice were important
city-states during the Renaissance.
-More people lived in the city-states than in the country.
II. The Rise of Italy’s City-States
-No one ruler was able to unite all of Italy.
-Italy was in perfect location for trade.
-The Mongols helped promote trade in Italy by protecting the Silk Road.
-Marco Polo published a book about his travels to the East.
-Florence is the most famous city of the Renaissance.
-Venice was the wealthiest city-state.
III. The Urban Noble
-Noble families moved into cities and mixed with wealthy merchants there.
-At first, city-states were republics. Gradually the city-states gave power to
one man to run the government.
-Italian rulers developed diplomacy to deal with other city-states.
-Niccolo Machiavelli thought people were too greedy and self-centered.
Chapter 17 Part 2: New Ideas and Art
I. Renaissance Humanism
-Humanism was a way of understanding the world that was based on the
values of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
-Humanists sought a balance between religion and reason.
-Western Europeans began studying Greek and Roman works in the 1300s.
-Petrarch was a famous scholar of ancient works.
-Writers during the Renaissance began writing in the vernacular.
-Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy-one of the world’s greatest poems.
-Chaucer-The Cantebury Tales in English
-Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press that used movable type.
-Leonardo da Vinci was a great scientist, artist, inventor, and engineer.
-People studied plants, human anatomy, and medicine, as well as
astronomy and mathematics.
II. Artists in Renaissance Italy
-There are major style differences between medieval and Renaissance art.
-Peak of the Renaissance occurred between 1490 and 1520.
- Leonardo da Vinci-The Last Supper
-Raphael-School of Athens
-Michelangelo Buonarroti-sculptor-David
III. The Renaissance Spreads
-The Northern Renaissance refers to art from places we know today as Belgium,
Luxembourg, Germany, and the Netherlands.
-Northern Renaissance artists used different techniques than artists in Italy.
-Jan van Eyck was a great oil painter.
-Albrecht Durer was an artist best known for his engravings.
-In England, the Renaissance created great works of theater and literature.
-William Shakespeare was the greatest English writer of the Renaissance.
Chapter 17 Part 3: The Reformation Begins
I. Calls for Church Reform
-Martin Luther was a monk who challenged the Catholic Church.
-The Reformation begins.
-Protestantism
-Desiderius Erasmus was a leader in Christian humanism.
-People became upset with the Church’s focus on money.
-Martin Luther wrote the Ninety Five Theses.
-Church leaders felt threatened by Luther, and the pope excommunicated him.
-Lutheranism was the first Protestant denomination.
II. Politics and Lutheranism
-Local kings and nobles of the Holy Roman Empire did not want Charles V to
become too powerful.
-Kings realized they could increase their power if they supported Lutheranism.
-The Catholic Church could not earn income from the Lutheran kingdoms.
-Charles V warred with the local kings but could not defeat them.
III. Calvin and Calvinism
-John Calvin studied theology in Paris.
-Calvin was forced to flee Paris because of his discussions of Lutheranism.
-Calvin found safety in Geneva.
-Calvin taught that God’s will is absolute and decides everything in the world in
advance.
-Calvinism encouraged people to work hard at their business and to behave
themselves.
-Calvinism became the basis of many Protestant churches.
Chapter 17 Part 4: Catholics and Protestants
I. Counter-Reformation
-The Catholic Church knew it needed to reform some practices.
-Pope III called a church council at Trent to reform the Church.
-Catholic clergy were instructed to better teach people in the faith.
-Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits-taught, preached, and fought heresy.
-The lower classes in France were mostly Catholic. Many French nobles were
Protestant.
-The son of Henry II, Charles became king in 1560.
-Catherine de’Medici ran the government for him.
-A civil war broke out in France between the Catholics and the Protestants.
It lasted more than 30 years.
-It ended when Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV.
-Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes.
-The Thirty Years’ War was fought between the Catholics and the Protestants in the
Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1648.
-During the Middle Ages, Spain was ruled by Muslims.
-When Catholics took control of Spain, Jews and Muslims were no longer welcome.
II. The English Reformation
-During the 1400s, English nobles had fought each other to control the kingdom.
-Henry VIII was the second Tudor king of England.
-When Henry’s wife, Catherine of Aragon, did not have a male child, Henry asked the
pope to annul his marriage. Pope refused.
-Pope excommunicates Henry. Henry declares that the king, not the pope, was the
head of the church in England.
-Mary I was the daughter of Henry and Catherine.
-Mary becomes queen in 1533 and tries to reinstate Catholicism.
-Elizabeth becomes queen after Mary’s death. Restores Anglican Church.
III. Missionaries Go Overseas
-Many Catholics became missionaries.
-Jesuit missionaries were active in America and Asia in the 1500s and 1600s.
-Missionaries had great success in the Philippine Islands.