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Transcript
Essential Life Functions Chart Type of Transport Excretion Unicellular Protists *No circulatory System *Diffusion *Cyclosis *Contractile Vacuole (removes water) *Anal pore Annelid Worms *Closed circulatory system *Complete digestive tract (uses muscular contraction) *Skin *Some Skin *Most by Nephridia Insects *Open circulatory system Amphibians *Circulatory System (Three chambered heart) * Complete digestive tract Regulation Respiration Nutrition Synthesis Reproduction Growth/ Development *Some use aerobic respiration *Food Vacuole *Heterotrophic/A utotrophic Protein synthesis *Binary Fission *Some are sexual (conjugation) mitosis *Nervous System (chain of ganglia) *Skin (must be in moist environment) *MouthEsopha guscropgizz ardintestine (nutrients absorbed by blood)anus *(Predators, scavengers, filter feeders, organic matter, parasites) Protein synthesis *Hermaphrodite ( two worms exchange sperm, forms a capsule for sperm and eggs, capsule is left in soil for 2-3 weeks) *Capsule is left in soil for 2-3 weeks) * mitosis *Malpighian tubules (removes waste) *Nervous System (brain, ventral cord, tympanum sound sensing organ) *Communicate: pheromone *Do not use circulatory system but Trachea, Spiracles, Tracheoles, and air sacs *Labrum & Labium (mouthparts)e sophaguscrop gizzardmidg ut (Gastic caeca & coelom) hindgut Protein synthesis *Metamorphosi s & some do incomplete metamorphosis *mitosis *Kidney (removes nitrogenous waste & excess water) *Bladder (holds liquid from kidney) *Cloaca (chamber holds contents to be expelled from body) *Nervous System (brain & spinal cord, sense organs are incompletely developed for hearing, smelling, tasting & seeing) *Eustachian tube *Tympanic Membrane *Breath through skin, lining of mouth when inactive, & lungs when active. *Nares, Glottis, Larynx *Adults are Carnivorous *Tongue *Cloaca (chamber holds contents to be expelled from body) Protein synthesis * Sexually *Male deposits sperm into female’s seminal receptacle, eggs released by ovaries, eggs fertilized internally *Sexually *Depend on water (lay eggs in water) *Courtship: Males call to attract females Organism *Complete Metamorphosis *Parental Care: one parent remains with the eggs * mitosis Type of Organism Transport Excretion Regulation Respiration Nutrition Synthesis Reproduction Growth/ Development Mammals *Circulatory System (4 chambered heart) *Digestive System *Kidneys, bladder, & urethra *Nervous System *Sense Organs *Hormones *Endocrine System *Aerobic (lungs & diaphragm) *Chewing (specialized teeth) *Digesting Plants: aid of microorganisms Protein synthesis *Sexually *Placental, Marsupials (pouch), Monotremes (lays eggs) *Nourished by milk from mother’s mammary glands *Dependant on mother for food & care * mitosis Non-vascular Plants *Lack tissues, instead absorb nutrients through cells *Osmosis & Diffusion *Rhizoids *Roots *Xylem *Phloem Stomatas *Hormones: Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, * *Autotroph *Photosynthesis Protein synthesis *Alternation of generations * mitosis Stomatas *Hormones: Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, *Exchange gases by tissues, leaves *Autotroph *Photosynthesis Protein synthesis *Sexually/ase xually *Sperm swim through film of water to reach eggs in archegonia *Sexually/ase xually *Roots *Xylem *Phloem Stomatas *Hormones: Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, *Exchange gases by tissues, leaves *Autotroph *Photosynthesis Protein synthesis *Sexually/ase xually Gymnosperms Angiosperms *Alternation of generations *Seed produce cone * mitosis *Alternation of generations *Seed produce flowers * mitosis Life FunctionsLife Processes Humans and other complex organisms require many different organ systems to carry on the activities required for life. These life activities or processes include digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, coordination, and immunity. Life Processes Digestion breakdown of food to simpler molecules which can enter the cells Circulation the movement of materials within an organism or its cells Movement (locomotion) change in position by a living thing Excretion removal of waste products by an organism (wastes may include carbon dioxide, water, and urea in urine and sweat) Respiration process which converts the energy in food to ATP (the form of energy which can be used by the cells) Reproduction the making of more organisms of one's own kind -- not needed by an individual living thing but is needed by its species Immunity the ability of an organism to resist disease causing organisms and foreign invaders Coordination the control of the various activities of an organism (mostly involves the nervous system and endocrine glands in complex animals) Synthesis the production of more complex substances by combining two or more simpler substances It is important to realize that cell organelles are involved in many of these life processes, as well as the organ systems of complex organisms. Used from http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/organization/life.cfm Organism Newspaper Project- Essential Life Functions Chart (above) Questions to be answered as one considers how the above listed organisms accomplish … Transport – How organisms get what they need to cells? How they move waste from cells to organs of excretion? Excretion – How organisms get rid of their waste and balance their fluids (pH, salt concentration, water)? Regulation – How organisms control body processes – hormones, nervous system? Respiration – How organisms get oxygen from the environment and release carbon dioxide back to the environment? How plants exchange gases? Nutrition – How organisms break down and absorb foods? Synthesis – How organisms build necessary molecules? Reproduction – How organisms attract a mate? How organisms reproduce in terms of the type of reproduction (sexual versus asexual), the production of eggs, the production of seeds, the production of spores, and the type of fertilization? Growth and development – How organisms develop from the fertilized egg? How structures like the uterus and a seed provide support for the developing organism? How young are cared for during early development? Personal Ads Choosing 8 of the 8 types of organisms from the essential functions chart, create 8 personal ads After you choose the types, choose a specific organism with in that type. For example the type is mammals, the specific organism is dolphin. You must use each category from the essential functions chart (transport, excretion, regulation, respiration, nutrition, synthesis, reproduction, growth and development etc) with in your ad. EXAMPLE: Single female dolphin searching for a male dolphin to take long swims with. Must transport materials through a circulatory system and get nutrition through a digestive system. You must love me fully with their four chambered heart. When materials need to be excreted, you must do this through kidneys, bladder and urethra. Regulating yourself is of the utmost importance. A nervous system, hormones, endocrine system and sense organs is how this must be done. You must be able to obtain energy through aerobic respiration using lungs, mitochondria and a diaphragm. You must chew your fish with your mouth closed using specialized teeth. Being able to synthesize molecules using protein synthesis. You must reproduce sexually as I am a placental mammal. I will nourish our young with milk from my mammary glands. If you are such an organism, please respond at 1-910-555 1212. Unicellular protists Paramecium Euglena http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/paramecium.gif http://biologyclass13.weebly.com/uploads/7/3/0/8/7308786/878930.jpg?316 Amobea http://universe-review.ca/I11-31-amoeba.jpg Protista Protista refers to one of the kingdoms of organisms commonly called protists. They were first described by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel in the 1860s. Until this time, biologists recognized two kingdoms, the Plantae and Animalia. Haeckel observed a group of microscopic organisms with both plant and animal characteristics, such as flagellated cells with chloroplasts. At this time, the Kingdom Protista was proposed. First of all, they are unicellular, which means one cell functions as a whole organism where all life functions are carried out. Most protists are motile using pseudopodia ("false feet" extensions of the protoplasm), flagella (whip-like organelles), or cilia (short, hair-like structures). Most parasitic species are non-motile. Asexual reproduction is most common through mitosis, but some species have sexual reproduction as exemplified by conjugation in ciliates. Most species are free living, but many form symbiotic relationships with other organisms including parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Protists live in a wide variety of habitats, including soil, freshwater, marine, and as ecto- and endoparasites. Taxonomically, protists are identified by the structure of their cell, types of organelles, and form of reproduction or life cycle. There are three general groups of protists. The first are the plant-like protists, sometimes known as the Protophyta. These include the diatoms or golden algae (Phylum Chrysophyta), dinoflagellates (Phylum Pyrrophyta), euglenoids (Phylum Euglenophyta), and cryptomonads (Phylum Cryptophyta). The animal-like protists are included in the Subkingdom Protozoa. These include the flagellated protozoans like the genus TrypanosomaTrypanosoma, a parasite that causes African Sleeping Sickness and Chaga's disease (Phylum Zoomastigina); amoeboid forms like AmoebaAmoeba, radiolarians, and foraminiferans (Phylum Sarcodina); Ciliates like ParameciumParamecium (Phylum Ciliophora); and parasitic sporozoans like PlasmodiumPlasmodium, a parasite that causes malaria (Phylum Apicomplexa). The fungus-like protista include slime molds, water molds, and mildews. Annelid worms –segmented worms http://biologycorner.com/resources/earthworm_anatomy1.jpg Leech http://rjfisherjoanides.pbworks.com/f/1299707850/I10-82-annelid.jpg There are about 9,000 species of Annelids known today, including worms and leeches. They can be found almost anywhere in the world. Annelids have existed on Earth for over 120 million years. Annelids have bodies that are divided into segments. They have very well-developed internal organs. One common characteristic of annelids is that they don't have any limbs. Some annelids may have long bristles. Others have shorter bristles and seem smooth, like the earthworm. There are many types of worms. Commonly known worms include earth worms, roundworms and flatworms. Most worms are small, measuring fractions of an inch to several inches long. Other worms, such as the ribbon worm, can grow up to 100 feet in length. Some worms are considered parasites, in that they live inside the human body. http://wiggos.com/Uploads/Images/dissection%20worm0dec9759.gif Earth worm Insects http://www.biopsychology.com/6e/step/06/0602-1.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iaNvSrBZWTg/TiVHqjm_3AI/AAAAAAAABz8/rHy5vqgQmno/s1600/type+of+insects.jpg Like us, insects require body systems to function: respiratory, nervous, circulatory, and digestive. These articles detail the different organs and structures that make the insect a functional, living thing. Insects require oxygen just as we do, and must "exhale" carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration. Oxygen is delivered to the cells directly through respiration, and not carried by blood as in vertebrates. Along the sides of the thorax and abdomen, a row of small openings called spiracles (8) allow the intake of oxygen from the air. Most insects have one pair of spiracles per body segment. Small flaps or valves keep the spiracle closed until there is a need for oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide discharge. When the muscles controlling the valves relax, the valves open and the insect takes a breath. Once entering through the spiracle, oxygen travels through the tracheal trunk (8), which divides into smaller tracheal tubes. The tubes continue to divide, creating a branching network that reaches each cell in the body. Carbon dioxide released from the cell follows the same pathway back to the spiracles and out of the body. The insect's digestive system is a closed system, with one long enclosed coiled tube called the alimentary canal which runs lengthwise through the body. The alimentary canal only allows food to enter the mouth, and then gets processed as it travels toward the anus. The insects alimentary canal has specific sections for grinding and food storage, enzyme production and nutrient absorption (McGavin, 2001; Triplehorn & Johnson, 2005). Sphincters control the food and fluid movement between three regions. The three regions include the foregut (stomatodeum)(27,) the midgut (mesenteron)(13), and the hindgut (proctodeum)(16). Circulatory system Insect blood or haemolymph’s main function is that of transport and it bathes the insect’s body organs. Making up usually less than 25% of an insect’s body weight, it transports hormones, nutrients and wastes and has a role in, osmoregulation, temperature control, immunity, storage (water, carbohydrates and fats) and skeletal function. It also plays an essential part in the moulting process (McGavin, 2001; Triplehorn & Johnson, 2005). An additional role of the haemolymph in some orders, can be that of predatory defence. It can contain unpalatable and malodourous chemicals that will act as a deterrent to predators (Gullan & Cranston, 2005). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_physiology Amphibians http://www.exploringnature.org/graphics/ecology/amphibians_bw_72.jpg http://www.animalsworlds.com/images/amphibians.jpg Amphibians are cold blooded vertebrates that spend part of their lives on dry land and part in fresh water. Many amphibians must return to water in order to reproduce. It is this part of their life cycle that many people are familiar with. Each male will try and claim a female. Those males who are successful will fertilize up to four thousand eggs as the female lays them into the shallower water, often within clumps of aquatic plants. The fertilized eggs are just the first stage in a remarkable transformation called metamorphosis. This describes the process of change from egg to tadpole (the larval stage), through to adult amphibian. http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/tadfrog.htm DIGESTION Pharynx- beginning of tube, throat cavity esophagus-allows amphibians to swallow large amounts stomach- allows food to pass through and into intestines liver- makes bile that breaks down fat gall bladder- stores bile small intestine- digestion of food is complete here large intestine- waste is collected and passed through here cloaca- where waste is expelled from amphibian duodenum- where food moves after leaving stomach ileum-coiled middle part of small intestine mesentery- holds small intestine in place pancreas-breaks down food CIRCULATORY Most amphibians have a three-chambered heart. The chambers include two atria and one ventricle. The ventricle pumps blood to the aorta. Half of the blood goes to the lungs for the removal of carbon dioxide and oxygenation and the rest goes to the body. The atria pumps blood to the ventricle which causes the mixing of oxygenated and De-oxygenated blood. This causes the animal to not receive oxygen saturated blood so it needs to be cold-blooded. RESPIRATION Amphibians obtain oxygen not only from the air but the water too. How do they do this? In the water amphibians breathe through their skin. On land they have and use complex organs. These organs include lungs and mouth's mucous membrane (the skin must be moist for these organs to function properly). But not all amphibians use these tactics to breather, for example the lungless salamander. They have neither gills nor lungs. They take in and let out carbon dioxide, only through their moist skin. Toads are less dependent on their skin to breathe because they have more powerful lungs than any other amphibian. EXECRETION Amphibians use their bladder and kidney for execretion. The bladder stores urine so when amphibians are on land they arent dehydrated. But amphibians aren't adapted to life very well. While on land, they lose water very quickly due to evaporation. While in water they may suffer from osmosis, when an amphibian lets out a large amount of urine. (Amphibians also excrete nitrogen) Reproduction Amphibians reproduce sexually. Amphibians usually mate in water and during the spring.While in the water the female releases the eggs and the male covers them with sperm to fertilize them. The eggs usually attach to plants, rocks, and some may float on the surface. Nervous system Every amphibian consists of a brain, spinal cord and nerves all over the body (nervous system). Nerves pass information to the brain from the spinal cord. Ampibians have two eyes with a third extra protective eyelid that they use when they are on land. The olfactory lobe is the center where the sense of smell is located. https://sites.google.com/site/amphibiansjfr/nervous-system-1 http://oaadonline.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/media/oaad8/fullsize/a/ani/anima/animals_mammal.jpg http://scienceathawthorn.pbworks.com/f/1237556022/mammals.jpg Non vascular plants Non vascular plants No xylem (flows up) or phloem (flows down) Nonvascular plants belong to the division Bryophyta, which includes mosses, liverworts, and ferns. These plants have no vascular tissue, so the plants cannot retain water or deliver it to other parts of the plant body. The bryophytes do not possess true roots, stems, or leaves, although the plant body is differentiated into leaflike and stemlike parts. In some species, there are rootlike structures called rhizoids. With no vascular tissue, the bryophytes cannot retain water for long periods of time. Consequently, water must be absorbed directly from the surrounding air or another nearby source. This explains the presence of mosses in moist areas, such as swamps and bogs, and on the shaded sides of trees. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Nonvascular-Plants-Defined.topicArticleId-8741,articleId-8671.html FERNS LIVERWORTS http://www.deanza.edu/faculty/mccauley/6a_site_images/plants-images/pteridium-whole-250.jpg http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/plant_images/bazzania.jpg http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/gif/MOSS.GIF http://test.classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/5/flashcards/407005/jpg/11untitled.jpg MOSS http://www.anbg.gov.au/bryophyte/photos-800/grrimmia-sp-exposed-rock-WA.jpg GYMNOSPERMS (BASICALLY PINE TREES) http://www.excellup.com/interbiology/elevenbioimage/11bio13.GIF http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/plants-gardening/plants/conifer/examples-conifers.jpg GYMNOSPERMS - FIRST PLANTS WITH SEEDS So you've got a vascular system. What comes next? Seeds. Seeds let you send your offspring out into the world. Seeds provide a protective coat so that the embryo plant can develop when it finds a nice piece of soil. But remember this: gymnosperms have not developed the ability to make flowers. Flowers are an evolutionary advancement after seeds. So if you have a vascular system, seeds, and no flowers, what are you? A gymnosperm! Seeds are a protective structure that lets a plant embryo survive for long periods of time before it germinates. Seeds have food sources pre-packaged for plant embryos to provide for an embryo's needs in early growth. Seeds let plants spread their embryos over large areas. Some are even so lightweight that they are carried across the planet by strong winds. Seeds are an advantage if you want to be a plant that can grow anywhere. Seeds are da bom'! CYCADS IN THE TROPICS (still gymnosperms) Looking like a fern. Looking like a palm tree. It's actually neither! It's a cycad. These are another favorite of landscape designers. These are sturdy little plants that can survive in harsh conditions. You won't find them in cold areas like the conifers. Cycads need warmer weather to survive. They have cone-like structures for reproduction. Instead of being on branches, their cones are in the center of the plant and can get really large. They also have big waxy fronds, and when it's time to reproduce, the female plants have a great fruit that grows in the middle of their stem. CONIFERS IN THE FORESTS (still Gymnosperms) Pine, cedar, redwood, and spruce. Sounds like we're at a hardware store buying lumber. Not so. We are listing off a bunch of trees that are called conifers. If you've ever gone skiing or to northern latitudes you have seen loads of conifers. The conifers most people think of are pine trees. Every year millions of trees are grown for Christmas and they are all conifers. They usually have needles and cones (thus the name CONifer). They are also evergreens: even in cold winter months they are able to keep their needles. That ability is one reason they do so well in northern latitudes. The ever-present needles allow conifers to take advantage of the Sun whenever it is around. They are also some of the tallest plants in the world. They are able to get very tall and strong because of heavy-duty xylem that hardens and makes them sturdy. That sturdiness is why these kinds of trees make good lumber - hard and strong wood. GINKGOES ON YOUR STREET (still gymnosperms) Not every plant made it to the modern day. Fossil evidence shows what plants used to be alive in other geological eras. The Ginkgo is one of the ones that made it. Some people call it a "Maidenhair Tree". It's the last one of its kind. It has needles that have combined to form very sturdy leaf-like structures. You need to remember they are not like leaves in the traditional sense. You've probably seen these all over. Landscape designers love to use them because they look very nice and are very resistant to pollution. They are great for cities. Being able to resist insects and disease has let this species survive beyond all of its close relatives. http://www.biology4kids.com/files/plants_gymnosperm.html ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS) http://images.tutorvista.com/content/kingdoms-living-world/annuals-of-angiosperms.jpeg http://www.exploringnature.org/graphics/life_cycle_angiosperm72.jpg http://images.tutorvista.com/content/kingdoms-living-world/angiosperm-biannual-plants.jpeg http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_mg5n7w5DBZ8/R8gAmTWz5AI/AAAAAAAAAHE/k5GwwaxeAmE/s400/image.gif http://images.tutorvista.com/content/angiosperm-morphology/monochasidal-cyme-in-plants.jpeg Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants. Their reproductive structures are flowers in which the ovules are enclosed in an ovary. Angiosperms are found in almost every habitat from forests and grasslands to sea margins and deserts. Angiosperms display a huge variety of life forms including trees, herbs, submerged aquatics, bulbs and epiphytes. The largest plant families are Orchids, and Compositae (daisies) and Legumes (beans). There are an estimated 352,000 species of flowering plants or angiosperms. http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/ Angiosperms are a taxonomic class of plants in which the mature seed is surrounded by the ovule (think of an apple). This group is often referred to as hardwoods. Angiosperms are trees have broad leaves that usually change color and die every autumn. Oaks, maples and dogwoods are examples of deciduous trees. Some angiosperms that hold their leaves include rhododendron, live oak, and sweetbay magnolia. http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/forsite/idtype.htm Angiosperms are flowering plants that reproduce through seeds that are contained in fruit. The flower of a plant can contain male anatomy, female anatomy and sterile structures. A plant that contains both male and female anatomy is known as a perfect flower. A flower that only contains male or only female anatomy is called an imperfect flower. Roots and Angiosperm Transport In order to understand how roots are structured one must realize the purpose of roots. The purpose of roots is to absorb water and minerals for the plant. Now that the purpose of roots is understood, we can discuss the structure. In order for roots to uptake as much water and minerals as possible, it must maximize its surface area. Roots do this by having roots hairs and by branching out. It is interesting to note that by utilizing root hairs, roots triple their absorbtion of materials. Movement of Materials into the Roots There are various ways for water and minerals to move in to the roots. There are three main processes that accomodate to this. They are: Diffusion of mineral ions and mass flow of water Mutualism, fulgal hyphae aiding in the transportation of minerals and water Active trasnportation, using ATP (or some other energy source) to move minerals/water into the root http://colelyman.com/2012/02/transport-in-angiosperms/ Flowers are Reproductive Adaptations Reproductive adaptations in flowers have made angiosperms the most diverse and numerous of land plants with commercial value for humans. Angiosperms refer to seeds contained in fruits (mature ovaries) and include about 90% of all living plant species (more than 250,000 species. They are the most diverse land plants, and the phylum Anthophyta contains all angiosperms. The flowers of angiosperms are adapted for sexual reproduction. Flowers aid pollination, as insects and other animals transfer pollen flower to flower and eliminate the need for wind. Angiosperms like grass are pollinated by wind. Wind-pollinated angiosperms usually live in dense populations, which makes pollination by wind easy. Flowers are specialized shoots that contain up to four rings of sporophylls (modified leaves), which include sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals are found at the base of the flower, tend to be green, and protect the flower before blooming. Female gametophytes are made by carpels, and flowers can have one or many carpels depending on the species. The stigma, connected to the ovary by a style, is found at the end of the carpel and is a sticky region that takes in pollen. Petals, located inside the sepals, are brightly colored and help to attract pollinators. Bright colors are absent in wind-pollinated plants. carpel One of the individual female reproductive organs in a flower. A carpel is composed of an ovary, a style, and a stigma, although some flowers have carpels without a distinct style. In origin, carpels are leaves (megasporophylls) that have evolved to enclose the ovules. The term pistil is sometimes used to refer to a single carpel or to several carpels fused together. flower A reproductive structure in angiosperms (flowering plants), typically including sepals, petals, stamens, and ovaries; often conspicuously colourful. angiosperm A member of the plant group characterized by having ovules enclosed in an ovary; the angiosperms or flowering plants: the Angiospermae, Magnoliophyta, Magnoliopsida, etc. Examples About 90% of all living plants (over 250,000 species) are angiosperms.