Download Unit 10 - Essential_Life_Functions_Chart revised final

Essential Life Functions Chart
Type of
Transport
Excretion
Unicellular
Protists
*No circulatory
System
*Diffusion
*Cyclosis
*Contractile
Vacuole
(removes water)
*Anal pore
Annelid Worms
*Closed
circulatory
system
*Complete
digestive tract
(uses muscular
contraction)
*Skin
*Some Skin
*Most by
Nephridia
Insects
*Open
circulatory
system
Amphibians
*Circulatory
System (Three
chambered
heart)
* Complete
digestive tract
Regulation
Respiration
Nutrition
Synthesis
Reproduction
Growth/
Development
*Some use
aerobic
respiration
*Food Vacuole
*Heterotrophic/A
utotrophic
Protein synthesis
*Binary Fission
*Some are
sexual
(conjugation)
mitosis
*Nervous
System (chain
of ganglia)
*Skin (must be
in moist
environment)
*MouthEsopha
guscropgizz
ardintestine
(nutrients
absorbed by
blood)anus
*(Predators,
scavengers, filter
feeders, organic
matter,
parasites)
Protein synthesis
*Hermaphrodite
( two worms
exchange sperm,
forms a capsule
for sperm and
eggs, capsule is
left in soil for 2-3
weeks)
*Capsule is left
in soil for 2-3
weeks)
* mitosis
*Malpighian
tubules
(removes waste)
*Nervous
System (brain,
ventral cord,
tympanum
sound sensing
organ)
*Communicate:
pheromone
*Do not use
circulatory
system but
Trachea,
Spiracles,
Tracheoles, and
air sacs
*Labrum &
Labium
(mouthparts)e
sophaguscrop
gizzardmidg
ut (Gastic caeca
& coelom) 
hindgut
Protein synthesis
*Metamorphosi
s & some do
incomplete
metamorphosis
*mitosis
*Kidney
(removes
nitrogenous
waste & excess
water)
*Bladder (holds
liquid from
kidney)
*Cloaca
(chamber holds
contents to be
expelled from
body)
*Nervous
System (brain &
spinal cord,
sense organs are
incompletely
developed for
hearing,
smelling, tasting
& seeing)
*Eustachian tube
*Tympanic
Membrane
*Breath through
skin, lining of
mouth when
inactive, & lungs
when active.
*Nares, Glottis,
Larynx
*Adults are
Carnivorous
*Tongue
*Cloaca
(chamber holds
contents to be
expelled from
body)
Protein synthesis
* Sexually
*Male deposits
sperm into
female’s seminal
receptacle, eggs
released by
ovaries, eggs
fertilized
internally
*Sexually
*Depend on
water (lay eggs
in water)
*Courtship:
Males call to
attract females
Organism
*Complete
Metamorphosis
*Parental Care:
one parent
remains with
the eggs
* mitosis
Type of
Organism
Transport
Excretion
Regulation
Respiration
Nutrition
Synthesis
Reproduction
Growth/
Development
Mammals
*Circulatory
System (4
chambered
heart)
*Digestive
System
*Kidneys,
bladder, &
urethra
*Nervous
System
*Sense Organs
*Hormones
*Endocrine
System
*Aerobic (lungs
& diaphragm)
*Chewing
(specialized
teeth)
*Digesting
Plants: aid of
microorganisms
Protein
synthesis
*Sexually
*Placental,
Marsupials
(pouch),
Monotremes
(lays eggs)
*Nourished
by milk from
mother’s
mammary
glands
*Dependant
on mother for
food & care
* mitosis
Non-vascular
Plants
*Lack tissues,
instead absorb
nutrients
through cells
*Osmosis &
Diffusion
*Rhizoids
*Roots
*Xylem
*Phloem
Stomatas
*Hormones:
Auxin,
Gibberellins,
Cytokinins,
*
*Autotroph
*Photosynthesis
Protein
synthesis
*Alternation
of
generations
* mitosis
Stomatas
*Hormones:
Auxin,
Gibberellins,
Cytokinins,
*Exchange
gases by
tissues, leaves
*Autotroph
*Photosynthesis
Protein
synthesis
*Sexually/ase
xually
*Sperm swim
through film
of water to
reach eggs in
archegonia
*Sexually/ase
xually
*Roots
*Xylem
*Phloem
Stomatas
*Hormones:
Auxin,
Gibberellins,
Cytokinins,
*Exchange
gases by
tissues, leaves
*Autotroph
*Photosynthesis
Protein
synthesis
*Sexually/ase
xually
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
*Alternation
of
generations
*Seed
produce cone
* mitosis
*Alternation
of
generations
*Seed
produce
flowers
* mitosis
Life FunctionsLife Processes
Humans and other complex organisms require many different organ systems to carry on the activities
required for life. These life activities or processes include digestion, respiration, reproduction,
circulation, excretion, movement, coordination, and immunity.
Life Processes
Digestion breakdown of food to simpler molecules which can enter the cells
Circulation the movement of materials within an organism or its cells
Movement (locomotion) change in position by a living thing
Excretion removal of waste products by an organism (wastes may include carbon dioxide, water, and urea
in urine and sweat)
Respiration process which converts the energy in food to ATP (the form of energy which can be used by
the cells)
Reproduction the making of more organisms of one's own kind -- not needed by an individual living
thing but is needed by its species
Immunity the ability of an organism to resist disease causing organisms and foreign invaders
Coordination the control of the various activities of an organism (mostly involves the nervous system and
endocrine glands in complex animals)
Synthesis the production of more complex substances by combining two or more simpler substances
It is important to realize that cell organelles are involved in many of these life processes, as well as the
organ systems of complex organisms.
Used from http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/organization/life.cfm
Organism Newspaper Project- Essential Life Functions Chart (above)
Questions to be answered as one considers how the above listed organisms accomplish …
 Transport – How organisms get what they need to cells? How they move waste from cells to organs of excretion?
 Excretion – How organisms get rid of their waste and balance their fluids (pH, salt concentration, water)?
 Regulation – How organisms control body processes – hormones, nervous system?
 Respiration – How organisms get oxygen from the environment and release carbon dioxide back to the environment? How plants exchange
gases?
 Nutrition – How organisms break down and absorb foods?
 Synthesis – How organisms build necessary molecules?
 Reproduction – How organisms attract a mate? How organisms reproduce in terms of the type of reproduction (sexual versus asexual), the
production of eggs, the production of seeds, the production of spores, and the type of fertilization?

Growth and development – How organisms develop from the fertilized egg? How structures like the uterus and a seed provide support for the
developing organism? How young are cared for during early development?
Personal Ads
Choosing 8 of the 8 types of organisms from the essential functions chart, create 8 personal ads
After you choose the types, choose a specific organism with in that type. For example the type is mammals, the specific organism is
dolphin.
You must use each category from the essential functions chart (transport, excretion, regulation, respiration, nutrition, synthesis, reproduction,
growth and development etc) with in your ad.
EXAMPLE: Single female dolphin searching for a male dolphin to take long swims with. Must transport materials through a circulatory
system and get nutrition through a digestive system. You must love me fully with their four chambered heart. When materials need to be
excreted, you must do this through kidneys, bladder and urethra. Regulating yourself is of the utmost importance. A nervous system,
hormones, endocrine system and sense organs is how this must be done. You must be able to obtain energy through aerobic respiration using
lungs, mitochondria and a diaphragm. You must chew your fish with your mouth closed using specialized teeth. Being able to synthesize
molecules using protein synthesis. You must reproduce sexually as I am a placental mammal. I will nourish our young with milk from my
mammary glands. If you are such an organism, please respond at 1-910-555 1212.
Unicellular protists
Paramecium
Euglena
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/paramecium.gif
http://biologyclass13.weebly.com/uploads/7/3/0/8/7308786/878930.jpg?316
Amobea
http://universe-review.ca/I11-31-amoeba.jpg
Protista
Protista refers to one of the kingdoms of organisms commonly called protists. They were first described by the German biologist Ernst
Haeckel in the 1860s. Until this time, biologists recognized two kingdoms, the Plantae and Animalia. Haeckel observed a group of
microscopic organisms with both plant and animal characteristics, such as flagellated cells with chloroplasts. At this time, the Kingdom
Protista was proposed.
First of all, they are unicellular, which means one cell functions as a whole organism where all life functions are carried out.
Most protists are motile using pseudopodia ("false feet" extensions of the protoplasm), flagella (whip-like organelles), or cilia (short, hair-like
structures). Most parasitic species are non-motile. Asexual reproduction is most common through mitosis, but some species have sexual
reproduction as exemplified by conjugation in ciliates. Most species are free living, but many form symbiotic relationships with other
organisms including parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.
Protists live in a wide variety of habitats, including soil, freshwater, marine, and as ecto- and endoparasites. Taxonomically, protists are
identified by the structure of their cell, types of organelles, and form of reproduction or life cycle. There are three general groups of
protists. The first are the plant-like protists, sometimes known as the Protophyta. These include the diatoms or golden algae (Phylum
Chrysophyta), dinoflagellates (Phylum Pyrrophyta), euglenoids (Phylum Euglenophyta), and cryptomonads (Phylum Cryptophyta). The
animal-like protists are included in the Subkingdom Protozoa. These include the flagellated protozoans like the genus
TrypanosomaTrypanosoma, a parasite that causes African Sleeping Sickness and Chaga's disease (Phylum Zoomastigina); amoeboid forms
like AmoebaAmoeba, radiolarians, and foraminiferans (Phylum Sarcodina); Ciliates like ParameciumParamecium (Phylum Ciliophora); and
parasitic sporozoans like PlasmodiumPlasmodium, a parasite that causes malaria (Phylum Apicomplexa). The fungus-like protista include
slime molds, water molds, and mildews.
Annelid worms –segmented worms
http://biologycorner.com/resources/earthworm_anatomy1.jpg
Leech
http://rjfisherjoanides.pbworks.com/f/1299707850/I10-82-annelid.jpg
There are about 9,000 species of Annelids known today, including worms
and leeches. They can be found almost anywhere in the world. Annelids
have existed on Earth for over 120 million years.
Annelids have bodies that are divided into segments.
They have very well-developed internal organs.
One common characteristic of annelids is that they don't have any limbs.
Some annelids may have long bristles. Others have shorter bristles and
seem smooth, like the earthworm.
There are many types of worms. Commonly known worms include earth
worms, roundworms and flatworms. Most worms are small, measuring
fractions of an inch to several inches long. Other worms, such as the
ribbon worm, can grow up to 100 feet in length. Some worms are
considered parasites, in that they live inside the human body.
http://wiggos.com/Uploads/Images/dissection%20worm0dec9759.gif
Earth worm
Insects
http://www.biopsychology.com/6e/step/06/0602-1.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iaNvSrBZWTg/TiVHqjm_3AI/AAAAAAAABz8/rHy5vqgQmno/s1600/type+of+insects.jpg
Like us, insects require body systems to function: respiratory, nervous, circulatory, and digestive. These articles detail the
different organs and structures that make the insect a functional, living thing.
Insects require oxygen just as we do, and must "exhale" carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration. Oxygen is delivered to the
cells directly through respiration, and not carried by blood as in vertebrates.
Along the sides of the thorax and abdomen, a row of small openings called spiracles (8) allow the intake of oxygen from the air. Most insects
have one pair of spiracles per body segment. Small flaps or valves keep the spiracle closed until there is a need for oxygen uptake and carbon
dioxide discharge. When the muscles controlling the valves relax, the valves open and the insect takes a breath.
Once entering through the spiracle, oxygen travels through the tracheal trunk (8), which divides into smaller tracheal tubes. The tubes
continue to divide, creating a branching network that reaches each cell in the body. Carbon dioxide released from the cell follows the same
pathway back to the spiracles and out of the body.
The insect's digestive system is a closed system, with one long enclosed coiled tube called the alimentary canal which runs lengthwise
through the body. The alimentary canal only allows food to enter the mouth, and then gets processed as it travels toward the anus. The insects
alimentary canal has specific sections for grinding and food storage, enzyme production and nutrient absorption (McGavin, 2001; Triplehorn
& Johnson, 2005). Sphincters control the food and fluid movement between three regions. The three regions include the foregut
(stomatodeum)(27,) the midgut (mesenteron)(13), and the hindgut (proctodeum)(16).
Circulatory system
Insect blood or haemolymph’s main function is that of transport and it bathes the insect’s body organs. Making up usually less than 25% of an
insect’s body weight, it transports hormones, nutrients and wastes and has a role in, osmoregulation, temperature control, immunity, storage
(water, carbohydrates and fats) and skeletal function. It also plays an essential part in the moulting process (McGavin, 2001; Triplehorn &
Johnson, 2005). An additional role of the haemolymph in some orders, can be that of predatory defence. It can contain unpalatable and
malodourous chemicals that will act as a deterrent to predators (Gullan & Cranston, 2005).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_physiology
Amphibians
http://www.exploringnature.org/graphics/ecology/amphibians_bw_72.jpg
http://www.animalsworlds.com/images/amphibians.jpg
Amphibians are cold blooded vertebrates that spend part of their lives on dry land and part in fresh water. Many amphibians must return to water in order to reproduce. It
is this part of their life cycle that many people are familiar with. Each male will try and claim a female. Those males who are successful will fertilize up to four thousand
eggs as the female lays them into the shallower water, often within clumps of aquatic plants. The fertilized eggs are just the first stage in a remarkable transformation
called metamorphosis. This describes the process of change from egg to tadpole (the larval stage), through to adult amphibian. http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/tadfrog.htm
DIGESTION
 Pharynx- beginning of tube, throat cavity
 esophagus-allows amphibians to swallow large amounts
 stomach- allows food to pass through and into intestines
 liver- makes bile that breaks down fat
 gall bladder- stores bile
 small intestine- digestion of food is complete here
 large intestine- waste is collected and passed through here
 cloaca- where waste is expelled from amphibian
 duodenum- where food moves after leaving stomach
 ileum-coiled middle part of small intestine
 mesentery- holds small intestine in place
 pancreas-breaks down food
CIRCULATORY
Most amphibians have a three-chambered heart. The chambers include two atria and one ventricle. The ventricle pumps blood to the aorta.
Half of the blood goes to the lungs for the removal of carbon dioxide and oxygenation and the rest goes to the body. The atria pumps blood to
the ventricle which causes the mixing of oxygenated and De-oxygenated blood. This causes the animal to not receive oxygen saturated blood
so it needs to be cold-blooded.
RESPIRATION
Amphibians obtain oxygen not only from the air but the water too. How do they do this? In the water amphibians breathe through their skin.
On land they have and use complex organs. These organs include lungs and mouth's mucous membrane (the skin must be moist for these
organs to function properly). But not all amphibians use these tactics to breather, for example the lungless salamander. They have neither gills
nor lungs. They take in and let out carbon dioxide, only through their moist skin. Toads are less dependent on their skin to breathe because
they have more powerful lungs than any other amphibian.
EXECRETION
Amphibians use their bladder and kidney for execretion. The bladder stores urine so when amphibians are on land they arent dehydrated. But
amphibians aren't adapted to life very well. While on land, they lose water very quickly due to evaporation. While in water they may suffer
from osmosis, when an amphibian lets out a large amount of urine. (Amphibians also excrete nitrogen)
Reproduction
Amphibians reproduce sexually. Amphibians usually mate in water and during the spring.While in the water the female releases the eggs and
the male covers them with sperm to fertilize them. The eggs usually attach to plants, rocks, and some may float on the surface.
Nervous system
Every amphibian consists of a brain, spinal cord and
nerves all over the body (nervous system). Nerves pass information to the brain from the spinal cord. Ampibians have two
eyes with a third extra protective eyelid that they use when they are on land. The olfactory lobe is the center where the sense
of smell is located.
https://sites.google.com/site/amphibiansjfr/nervous-system-1
http://oaadonline.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/media/oaad8/fullsize/a/ani/anima/animals_mammal.jpg
http://scienceathawthorn.pbworks.com/f/1237556022/mammals.jpg
Non vascular plants
Non vascular plants
No xylem (flows up) or phloem (flows down)
Nonvascular plants belong to the division Bryophyta, which includes mosses, liverworts, and ferns. These plants have no
vascular tissue, so the plants cannot retain water or deliver it to other parts of the plant body.
The bryophytes do not possess true roots, stems, or leaves, although the plant body is differentiated into leaflike and
stemlike parts. In some species, there are rootlike structures called rhizoids.
With no vascular tissue, the bryophytes cannot retain water for long periods of time. Consequently, water must be absorbed
directly from the surrounding air or another nearby source. This explains the presence of mosses in moist areas, such as
swamps and bogs, and on the shaded sides of trees. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Nonvascular-Plants-Defined.topicArticleId-8741,articleId-8671.html
FERNS
LIVERWORTS
http://www.deanza.edu/faculty/mccauley/6a_site_images/plants-images/pteridium-whole-250.jpg
http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/plant_images/bazzania.jpg
http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/gif/MOSS.GIF
http://test.classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/5/flashcards/407005/jpg/11untitled.jpg
MOSS
http://www.anbg.gov.au/bryophyte/photos-800/grrimmia-sp-exposed-rock-WA.jpg
GYMNOSPERMS (BASICALLY PINE TREES)
http://www.excellup.com/interbiology/elevenbioimage/11bio13.GIF
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/plants-gardening/plants/conifer/examples-conifers.jpg
GYMNOSPERMS - FIRST PLANTS WITH SEEDS
So you've got a vascular system. What comes next? Seeds. Seeds let you send your offspring out into
the world. Seeds provide a protective coat so that the embryo plant can develop when it finds a nice
piece of soil. But remember this: gymnosperms have not developed the ability to make flowers.
Flowers are an evolutionary advancement after seeds. So if you have a vascular system, seeds, and no
flowers, what are you? A gymnosperm!
Seeds are a protective structure that lets a plant embryo survive for long periods of time before it
germinates. Seeds have food sources pre-packaged for plant embryos to provide for an embryo's needs
in early growth. Seeds let plants spread their embryos over large areas. Some are even so lightweight
that they are carried across the planet by strong winds. Seeds are an advantage if you want to be a plant
that can grow anywhere. Seeds are da bom'!
CYCADS IN THE TROPICS (still gymnosperms)
Looking like a fern. Looking like a palm tree. It's actually neither! It's a cycad. These are another favorite of landscape designers. These are
sturdy little plants that can survive in harsh conditions. You won't find them in cold areas like the conifers. Cycads need warmer weather to
survive. They have cone-like structures for reproduction. Instead of being on branches, their cones are in the center of the plant and can get
really large. They also have big waxy fronds, and when it's time to reproduce, the female plants have a great fruit that grows in the middle of
their stem.
CONIFERS IN THE FORESTS (still
Gymnosperms)
Pine, cedar, redwood, and spruce. Sounds like we're at a hardware store buying lumber. Not so. We are
listing off a bunch of trees that are called conifers. If you've ever gone skiing or to northern latitudes
you have seen loads of conifers. The conifers most people think of are pine trees. Every year millions of
trees are grown for Christmas and they are all conifers. They usually have needles and cones (thus the
name CONifer).
They are also evergreens: even in cold winter months they are able to keep their needles. That ability is
one reason they do so well in northern latitudes. The ever-present needles allow conifers to take
advantage of the Sun whenever it is around. They are also some of the tallest plants in the world. They
are able to get very tall and strong because of heavy-duty xylem that hardens and makes them sturdy.
That sturdiness is why these kinds of trees make good lumber - hard and strong wood.
GINKGOES ON YOUR STREET (still
gymnosperms)
Not every plant made it to the modern day. Fossil evidence shows what plants used to be alive in other
geological eras. The Ginkgo is one of the ones that made it. Some people call it a "Maidenhair Tree".
It's the last one of its kind. It has needles that have combined to form very sturdy leaf-like structures.
You need to remember they are not like leaves in the traditional sense. You've probably seen these all
over. Landscape designers love to use them because they look very nice and are very resistant to
pollution. They are great for cities. Being able to resist insects and disease has let this species survive
beyond all of its close relatives.
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/plants_gymnosperm.html
ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS)
http://images.tutorvista.com/content/kingdoms-living-world/annuals-of-angiosperms.jpeg
http://www.exploringnature.org/graphics/life_cycle_angiosperm72.jpg
http://images.tutorvista.com/content/kingdoms-living-world/angiosperm-biannual-plants.jpeg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_mg5n7w5DBZ8/R8gAmTWz5AI/AAAAAAAAAHE/k5GwwaxeAmE/s400/image.gif
http://images.tutorvista.com/content/angiosperm-morphology/monochasidal-cyme-in-plants.jpeg
Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants. Their reproductive structures are flowers in which the ovules are enclosed in an ovary.
Angiosperms are found in almost every habitat from forests and grasslands to sea margins and deserts. Angiosperms display a huge variety of
life forms including trees, herbs, submerged aquatics, bulbs and epiphytes. The largest plant families are Orchids, and Compositae (daisies)
and Legumes (beans).
There are an estimated 352,000 species of flowering plants or angiosperms.
http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/
Angiosperms are a taxonomic class of plants in which the mature seed is surrounded by the ovule (think of an apple). This group is often
referred to as hardwoods. Angiosperms are trees have broad leaves that usually change color and die every autumn. Oaks, maples and
dogwoods are examples of deciduous trees. Some angiosperms that hold their leaves include rhododendron, live oak, and sweetbay magnolia.
http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/forsite/idtype.htm
Angiosperms are flowering plants that reproduce through seeds that are contained
in fruit. The flower of a plant can contain male anatomy, female anatomy and sterile
structures. A plant that contains both male and female anatomy is known as a
perfect flower. A flower that only contains male or only female anatomy is called
an imperfect flower.
Roots and Angiosperm Transport
In order to understand how roots are structured one must realize the purpose of roots. The purpose of roots is to absorb water and minerals for
the plant. Now that the purpose of roots is understood, we can discuss the structure. In order for roots to uptake as much water and minerals as
possible, it must maximize its surface area. Roots do this by having roots hairs and by branching out. It is interesting to note that by utilizing
root hairs, roots triple their absorbtion of materials.
Movement of Materials into the Roots
There are various ways for water and minerals to move in to the roots. There are three main processes that accomodate to this. They are:



Diffusion of mineral ions and mass flow of water
Mutualism, fulgal hyphae aiding in the transportation of minerals and water
Active trasnportation, using ATP (or some other energy source) to move minerals/water into the root
http://colelyman.com/2012/02/transport-in-angiosperms/

Flowers are Reproductive Adaptations
Reproductive adaptations in flowers have made angiosperms the most diverse and numerous of land plants with commercial
value for humans.







Angiosperms refer to seeds contained in fruits (mature ovaries) and include about 90% of all living plant species (more than 250,000
species. They are the most diverse land plants, and the phylum Anthophyta contains all angiosperms.
The flowers of angiosperms are adapted for sexual reproduction. Flowers aid pollination, as insects and other animals transfer pollen
flower to flower and eliminate the need for wind.
Angiosperms like grass are pollinated by wind. Wind-pollinated angiosperms usually live in dense populations, which makes
pollination by wind easy.
Flowers are specialized shoots that contain up to four rings of sporophylls (modified leaves), which include sepals, petals, stamens,
and carpels. Sepals are found at the base of the flower, tend to be green, and protect the flower before blooming.
Female gametophytes are made by carpels, and flowers can have one or many carpels depending on the species. The stigma,
connected to the ovary by a style, is found at the end of the carpel and is a sticky region that takes in pollen.
Petals, located inside the sepals, are brightly colored and help to attract pollinators. Bright colors are absent in wind-pollinated plants.
carpel
One of the individual female reproductive organs in a flower. A carpel is composed of an ovary, a style, and a stigma, although some
flowers have carpels without a distinct style. In origin, carpels are leaves (megasporophylls) that have evolved to enclose the ovules. The
term pistil is sometimes used to refer to a single carpel or to several carpels fused together.
flower
A reproductive structure in angiosperms (flowering plants), typically including sepals, petals, stamens, and ovaries; often conspicuously
colourful.

angiosperm
A member of the plant group characterized by having ovules enclosed in an ovary; the angiosperms or flowering plants: the Angiospermae,
Magnoliophyta, Magnoliopsida, etc.
Examples

About 90% of all living plants (over 250,000 species) are angiosperms.