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Topic 4 & 5: The Periodic Table Learning Target Demonstrate an understanding of the origins of the periodic table, and relate patterns in the physical and chemical properties of elements to their positions in the periodic table (at least up to the first 18 elements) Use the periodic table to identify the number of protons, electrons and other information about each atom Describe, in general terms, the relationship between the structure of atoms in each group and the properties of elements in that group Our current understanding of the atom • There are 3 main subatomic particles of an atom: • Protons: positively charged particles • Neutrons: neutrally charged particles (no charge) • Electrons: negatively charged particles Our current understanding of the atom • The nucleus contains the neutrons and protons of the atom • The surrounding electron “cloud” consists of energy levels (a.k.a. orbitals or shells). Electrons are spread out across the energy levels • The outer energy level of the atom is called the valence shell. The electrons that live in the valence shell are called valence electrons. Valence electrons participate in chemical reactions. • The number of valence electrons an atom has determines its reactivity Different kinds of elements Rare Earth Metals How do we use rare earth metals? The Element Song! Meet the periodic table - activity • Get in groups of 2 or 3 • At least 1 person in your group must have a phone • Go to periodictable.com and choose 3 elements to learn about • Fill in the chart in your notes as you go. Dalton’s element symbols Today’s element symbols • Element symbols consist of 1-3 letters • The first letter is capitalized and the rest are lower case. Origins of the periodic table The genius of Mendeleev • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPnwBITSmgU Answer the question(s) as you watch Patterns in the periodic table • Left of the staircase line are metals • To the right are non-metals • Surrounding the staircase line are the metalloids: these elements display both metal and non-metal properties. Metals and non-metals Metals: • Shiny • Malleable (bendable) • Good conductors of electricity Non-metals: • Dull • Not malleable (bendable) • Poor conductors of electricity Patterns in the periodic table The elements are numbered from 1 to 118 by MASS Lightest Heaviest Patterns in the periodic table The Lanthanoids and Actinoids slot into periods 6 & 7 Chemical families • Elements are everywhere – even in your mouth! • Stainless steel braces are made of carbon, nickel, and iron. • Elements used in braces must be strong enough to straighten teeth but unreactive enough that a chemical reaction won’t occur with mild acids and gases that are inhaled and exhaled. • The term “chemical family” describes a group of related elements that have similar properties The periodic table is arranged vertically in groups Elements in the same group share similar properties Hydrogen is NOT an alkali metal Reactivity of Group 1 Metals http://www.syngentaperiodict able.co.uk/reaction-zone.php Use the periodic table to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons of an atom The periodic table gives us information about each element • Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons (in a neutral atom) • Atomic mass – Atomic number = number of neutrons Carbon • Number of protons = 6 • Number of electrons = 6 • Number of neutrons = 12 – 6 = 6 The periodic table gives us information about each element 8 O Oxygen 16.00 • Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons (in a neutral atom) • Atomic mass – Atomic number = number of neutrons Oxygen • Number of protons = 8 • Number of electrons = 8 • Number of neutrons = 16 – 8 = 8 The periodic table gives us information about each element 12 Mg Magnesium 24.31 • Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons (in a neutral atom) • Atomic mass – Atomic number = number of neutrons Magnesium • Number of protons = ? • Number of electrons = ? • Number of neutrons = ? The periodic table gives us information about each element 9 F Fluorine 19.00 • Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons (in a neutral atom) • Atomic mass – Atomic number = number of neutrons Fluorine • Number of protons = ? • Number of electrons = ? • Number of neutrons = ? You Try… • How many electrons and protons does manganese (Mn) have? • How many neutrons does Manganese have? • How many electrons and protons does gold (Au) have? • How many neutrons does gold (Au) have? • How many electrons and protons does zirconium (Zr) have? • How many neutrons does zirconium (Zr) have?