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AP Psychology Review States of Consciousness Consciousness—awareness of ourselves and the world around us Sleep and Dreams Controlled by hypothalamus Circadian rhythm—24-hour cycle of changes in our bodily processes Sleep stages (info. derived from EEG’s): Awake—alpha waves—relaxed; beta waves—alert Stage 1—light sleep—theta waves Stage 2-sleep spindles (bursts of brain activity) Stage 3—some delta waves Stage 4—deepest sleep stage—mostly delta waves REM—alpha waves; dreams; muscles paralyzed Dreams—we dream several times a night; Theories of Dreams: Freud—dreams are “royal road to unconscious” manifest, latent content Activation Synthesis Theory—dreams are our brain’s attempt to make sense of random bursts of electrical activity Information Processing Theory—dreams process info. from our waking lives Sleep Disorders Insomnia—inability to fall asleep or stay asleep; most common Narcolepsy—involuntary falling asleep, directly into REM Sleep Apnea—cessation of breathing during sleep, awakening Night Terrors—small children, disruptions from stage 4 sleep Hypnosis—altered state of consciousness characterized by deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility Theories of Hypnosis: Role Playing—subject follows lead of hypnotist because he wants to be “good” hypnotic subject Dissociation Theory –consciousness splits in hypnosis—one part is silent observer, the other follows suggestions Most Important Application of Hypnosis—pain control Psychoactive Drugs—alter thinking, behavior, mood Physiological Dependence—body’s chemistry altered; withdrawal symptoms Psychological Dependence—drug serves psychological need— Most drugs involve both types of dependence, except hallucinogens Depressants—reduce central nervous system activity Alcohol, valium, rohypnol, heroin Lowers inhibitions, impairs judgment, can cause death Stimulants—increase central nervous system activity Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, MDMA (Ecstasy) Can result in death Hallucinogens—alter sensory perceptions LSD, marijuana, PCP