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1. Which one of the following groups is CORRECTLY arranged in sequence from the smallest to largest units? a. atoms, cells, tissues, organisms , populations, b. atoms, molecules, organ systems, populations, communities c. organism, organs, tissues, cells, molecules d. cells, atoms communities, subatomic particles, tissues e. molecules, cells, organs, tissues, organisms 2. A buffer system tends to: a) stabilize pH d) remove pH from the body b) greatly lower pH e) none of the above c) greatly raise pH 3. By which kind of reaction is sucrose formed from glucose and fructose? a) decomposition d) hydrolysis b) replacement e) dehydration synthesis c) exchange 4. Peptide chains are formed from: a) glycogen d) amino acids b) monosaccharides e) nucleotides c) glycerol and fatty acids 5. The universal solvent and the bodily temperature regulator is: a. alcohol d. water b. carbohydrate e. protein c. lipid 6. Forming organic bonds: a. releases energy d. requires energy b. requires catalysts e. "a" and "b" of the above c. is unrelated to energy 7. Transfer of electrons are demonstrated by what kind of bonds? a. covalent d. all of the above b. hydrogen e. none of the above c. ionic 8. Dehydration synthesis reactions: a. break up polysaccharides b. form fatty acids c. help digest starch d. separate peptide bonds e. build larger molecules 9. Proteins in the cell membrane function as: a. enzymes d. a and b of the above b. receptor sites e. all of the above c. carrier molecules 10. The endoplasmic reticulum: a. functions in internal transport d. produces ATP b. carries on cellular respiration e. b and c of the above c. is the site of carbohydrate synthesis 11. 12. Ribosomes: a. contain DNA d. hydrolyze phospholipids b. are part protein and part RNA e. all of the above c. store amino acids The function of the Golgi bodies is associated with: a. cellular secretion d. energy production b. protein synthesis e. intracellular digestion c. cell division 13. Lysosomes are involved in: a. protein synthesis d. fatty-acid storage b. intercellular communication e. none of the above c. intracellular digestion 14. Mitochondria have which of the following functions? a. protein synthesis d. all of the above b. energy production e. none of the above c. lipid storage 15. In osmosis, water moves: a. from a higher to a lower concentration b. through a semipermeable membrane c. from a lower to a higher concentration d. a and b of the above e. b and c of the above 16. Active transport: a) involves the net movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration b) results in the net movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentation c) requires no energy d) results in molecular movement in keeping with the concentration gradient e) occurs only in nonliving systems 17. Determine the proper sequence of the following series of events involved with the irritability and conductivity of a neuron: 1) initiation of action potential 2) application of the stimulus 3) depolarization 4) polarized membrane 5) inflow of sodium ions 6) repolarization a) b) c) 4,2,5,1,3,6 4,5,2,3,1,6, 4,6,2,5,3,1, d) e) 4,2,5,3,1,6, 1,2,5,3,6,4, 18. A myelin sheath is: a. made of phospholipids and glycolipids b. found in most axons c. helpful in conducting impulses d. all of the above e. none of the above 19. In saltatory conduction, the impulse: a. travels along a unmyelinated axon b. travels from node to node c. skips the internodes d. travels very slowly e. all of the above 20. The junction of two nerve cells is called a: a. axon hillock d. dendrite b. neuron e. synapse c. node of Ranvier 21. If the DNA code triplet is AAT, the complementary m-RNA code will be: a. UUG d. AAT b. CCG e. GGA c. UUA 22. Transfer RNA: a. carries amino acids d. all of the above b. c. forms nucleoli carries proteins e. none of the above 23. In humans, what is the total number of ATP molecules obtainable from ONE glucose molecule during anaerobic respiration? a. 2 d. 38 b. 34 e. 40 c. 36 24. Aerobic respiration has as its end product(s): a. alcohol d. b and c of the above b. C02 e. all of the above c. H20 25. Pyruvic acid is formed during: a. muscle contraction d. all of the above b. glycolysis e. none of the above c. FAD---->NAD NAD functions in respiration as a: a. water-splitting enzyme d.hydrogen carrier b. maker of ATP e. phosphorylation enzyme c. glucose stimulator 26. 27. When DNA unwinds during REPLICATION, the nitrogen base adenine pairs off with which of the following nitrogen bases? a. quanine d. cytosine b. thymine e. all of the above c. uracil 28. Which of the following serves as a template or mold for the a protein? a. tRNA d. tDNA b. mDNA e. rRNA c. mRNA formation of 29. Translation of a codon into a polypeptide is accomplished by: a. tRNA d. NAD b. ATP e. centrioles c. amino acids 30. The synthesis of protein in the cytoplasm of a cell depends a. messenger RNA d. ribosomes b. transfer RNA e. all of the above on: 31. In the complete aerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule, what is the TOTAL number of ATP molecules produced by the electron transport system found in HUMAN cells? a. 2 d. 36 b. 32 e. 38 c. 34 32. In aerobic respiration, oxygen: a. directly oxidizes glucose compounds b. supplies energetic electrons c. is the final hydrogen acceptor d. is a waste product e. acts as a catalyst 33. As the FINAL stage in respiration, the cytochromes transport: a. neutrons d. electrons b. protons e. alpha particles c. hydrogen atoms 34. Which one of the following processes requires oxygen? a. glycolysis d. fermentation b. lactic acid production e. none of the above c. electron transport system 35 Messinger-RNA: a. moves from the nucleus through the cytoplasm b. is formed from a DNA template c. carries a specific code for protein synthesis d. all of the above e. none of the above 36. If a small part of one side of a DNA molecule has the base sequence A-T-C-GT-A, then the messenger RNA base sequence would be: a. T-A-G-C-A-T- d. U-A-G-C-A-U b. T-A-C-G-T-A e. A-R-C-G-U-A c. U-A-G-G-A-T 37. The process of protein synthesis is known as: a. mutation d. translation b. transcription e. mitosis c. replication 38. Which of the following serves as a template or mold for the formation of a protein? a. t-RNA d. t-DNA b. m-DNA e. r-RNA c. m-RNA 39. The type of RNA which is responsible for carrying an amino acid into position to form a protein is called: a. messenger-RNA d. proteolytic-RNA b. amino acid-RNA e. transfer-RNA c. ribosomal-RNA 40. Chromatids line up on the equatorial plane during: a. metaphase d. telophase b. prophase e. anaphase c. interphase 41. Chromatin replicates in animal cells during: a. anaphase d. telophase b. interphase e. prophase c. metaphase 42. The nuclear membrane characteristically disappears during: a. interphase d. telophase b. prophase e. metaphase c. anaphase 43. Which of the following is the LAST stage of mitosis? a. anaphase d. telophase b. metaphase e. interphase c. prophase 44. Simple columnae epithelium is found in the: a. digestive system d. urinary system b. uterine tubes e. blood vessels c. respiratory system 45. The primary function of adipose tissue is to: a. store fat d. enlarge the breast b. gain weight e. provide protection c. support organs 46. Which of the following is NOT a principal component of neurons? a. axon d. dendrite b. neuroglia e. node of Ranvier e. cell body 47. Bones of the cranium are classed as: a. long bones d. flat bones b. short bones e. irregular bones c. round bones 48. The end of a long bone is termed: a. epiphysis d. tuberosity b. compact bone e. foramen c. diaphysis 49. The Haversian canal contains a(an): a. artery d. "a" and "b" of the above b. vein e. all of the above c. nerve 50. Periosteum is an example of which of the following membranes? a. serum d. fibrous b. mucous e. cutaneous c. synovial 51. Compact bone is organized into: a. trabeculae d. osteons b. marrow e. epiphyses c. diploe 52. Spongy bone is also called: a. dense bone d. cancellous bone b. compact bone e. brittle bone c. solid bone 53. When an axon reaches threshold: a. potassium ions rapidly enter the cell b. permeability to both potassium and sodium ions decreases c. initially sodium ions rapidly enter the cell d. initially chloride ions leave the cell e. ionic movement ceases 54. The propagation or conduction of the action potential along a nerve fiber is called the: a. nerve impulse d. stimulus b. membrane potential e. sodium/potassium pump c. resting potential 55. During its absolute refractory period, a membrane's sensitivity to stimulation is: a. insensitive d. very sensitive b. hypersensitive e. nonsense c. normally sensitive 56. 57. The active structure of the nerve cell for impulse conduction is the: a. cell membrane d. Golgi body b. mitochondria e. Schwann cell c. nucleus The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of: a. hyaline cartilage d. osseous cartilage b. synovial cartilage e. elastic cartilage c. fibrocartilage 58. When a neuron reaches threshold and an action potential is generated: a. potassium ions rapidly enter the cell b. sodium ions rapidly enter the cell c. the permeability to both potassium and sodium decreases dramatically d. sodium ions rapidly leave thcell e. the cell hyperpolarize 59. Bone reabsorption is the function of: a. chrondrocytes d. osteoclasts b. osteoblasts e. lacunae c. osteocytes 60. . Acetylcholine: a. is secreted by axonic endings b. facilitates neuromuscular transmissison c. is released in the synapse of adjacent neurons d. is synthesized from choline and acetic acid by dehydration e. all of the above 61. Which one of the following is NOT a graded potential? a. action potential d. EPSP b. generator potential e. IPSP c. receptor potential 62. Disruption of the resting membrane potential includes: a. inflow of Na+ and outflow of K+ b. outflow of NA+ and outflow of K+ c. outflow of Na+ and inflow of K+ d. inflow of Na+ and inflow of K+ e. none of the above 63. The body maintains a continuous supply of ATP in the muscle cell by : a) rapidly forming vitamins within the cell b) converting creatinephosphate to creatine in the presence of ADP c) the aerobic conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid d) breaking down proteins 64. During its ___, a neuron responds only to stimuli stronger than a normal threshold stimulus. A. relative refractory period B. hyperpolarized phase C. period of facilitation D. synaptic delay E. absolute refractory period 65. The brain and spinal cord constitute the ___ nervous system. A. autonomic B. peripheral C. central D. afferent E. cranial 66. The somesthetic center of the postcentral gyrus is part of the ___ of the cerebrum. A. frontal lobe B. temporal lobe C. insula D. vermis E. parietal lobe 67. The hypothalamus plays a role in controlling all of the following except A. sex drive. B. hunger. C. sleepiness. D. speech. E. blood pressure 68. Which lobe of the cerebrum is most concerned with vision? A. the parietal lobe B. the frontal lobe C. the occipital lobe D. the temporal lobe 69. Which of the following is associated with the flight or fight reaction? A. pupillary constriction B. reduced urinary output C. increased gastric motility D. glycogen synthesis E. reduced heart rate 70. The sympathetic nervous system reduces blood flow to A. the skin. B. the skeletal muscles. C. the heart. D. the lungs. E. the brain. 71 The cerebral cortex concerned with hearing is in A. the insula. B. the occipital lobe. C. the temporal lobe. D. the parietal lobe. E. the frontal lobe.