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UNIT 3: THE WORLD IN TRANSITION CHAPTER 14: THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES Section 1: The Crusades I. Causes of the Crusades the Seljuq Turks were a Muslim people from central Asia who gained control of Palestine (the Holy Land) during the late 1000s the Turks were a threat to Constantinople, too, so the Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for help Pope Urban II asked European lords to free the Holy Land from the Turks, & some 10,000 Europeans took up the cause Crusades - expeditions by Christians to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims Crusaders joined the cause for various reasons: o to save their souls o to gain land & wealth o for adventure II. The First Crusade (1096-1099) Political Effects Economic Effects Cultural Effects European control of the Holy Land Spread of European institutions Small states set up by crusaders Spread of feudalism Trade between Europe & the Holy Land Growth of Italian shipping business Europeans wore Eastern clothes & ate Eastern foods Christians grew to respect Muslims III. Other Major Crusades for almost 100 years European Christians held onto Palestine; little by little, however, the Turks won back their lost lands, despite the efforts of popes & European rulers A. The Second Crusade (1147-1149) Crusaders failed to recapture Damascus & returned home in disgrace B. The Third Crusade (1189-1192) Crusaders gained control of Palestinian coastal towns & get permission for Christians to enter Jerusalem C. The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) Crusaders attacked & looted Constantinople, & Venetians gained control of Byzantine trade D. Other Crusades the Children’s Crusade was a short-lived failed crusade in 1212 by young people from Europe who marched on the Holy Land to regain it for Christianity the Crusades continued until 1291 when the Muslims captured the city of Acre, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land IV. Results of the Crusades all the Crusades except the first failed to reach the goal of taking the Holy Land from the Turks A. Weapons & Warfare during the Crusades, the weapon of choice for many European soldiers was the crossbow from the Byzantines & Muslims Europeans also discovered new ways to wage war B. Political Changes European kings grew stronger as feudalism ended during the Crusades the Christian church became more powerful C. Ideas & Trade Crusaders exchanged ideas with other crusaders & with the Byzantines & Muslims Italian cities became major trading centers Section 2: The Revival of Trade I. Trade Routes because of the Crusades, trade began to grow again in Europe A. Trade in Italy the Italian city-states of Genoa, Pisa, & Venice became important trading centers, acting as gobetweens for traders from Asia & northern Europe B. Trade in Northern Europe Kiev, in what is now Ukraine, became a trading center, as did Flanders C. The Hanseatic League German cities on the Baltic & North Seas also became important trading centers, but Germany’s weak central government could not control trade; for that reason, the German trading cities joined together to form the Hanseatic League The Crusades stimulated trade Flanders became a meeting center of different trade routes Italian ships brought goods back from Asia Hanseatic League set up trading posts REVIVAL OF TRADE Viking ships brought Asian goods to Europe II. Trade Goods & Markets fairs promoted economic growth & social activity & communication barter economy - economy of exchanging goods & services without using money III. Manufacturing, Banking, & Investment the revival of trade in Europe during the Middle Ages led to 3 important business developments A. Manufacturing the domestic system was a method of production that took place in the worker’s home rather than in a shop or factory B. Banking moneychangers not only exchanged currencies at fairs but also became moneylenders bankers also made it easier to move money from one place to another C. Investing capital - wealth that is earned, saved, & invested to make profits market economy - economy in which land, labor, & capital are controlled by individual persons Section 3: The Growth of Towns I. The Rights of Townspeople Freedom Anyone who lived in a town for a year & a day became free. This included serfs who escaped from a manor to a town. Exemption Townspeople won the right of being exempt (free) from ever having to work on the manor. Town Justice Towns had their own courts. Leading citizens tried cases that involved townspeople. Commercial Privileges Townspeople could sell goods freely in the town market. They could also charge tolls to outsiders who wanted to trade there. II. Guilds A. Merchants a merchant guild was an association of merchants & workers created to protect their rights to trade & to help out members & their families B. Workers craft guilds were associations of skilled workers that set standards for working conditions apprentice - one who learns a skill under a master a journeyman was a skilled worker who was paid wages by a master C. The Rise of the Middle Class middle class - class of skilled workers between the upper class & the poor & unskilled workers III. Medieval Towns A. Town Life towns offered serfs a chance to improve their lives B. The Black Death Black Death - terrible plague that swept through Europe, beginning in 1347 by some estimates, about 25 million people died in Europe from 1347-1351—about 1/3 of the entire population Section 4: Life & Culture in the Middle Ages I. Language & Literature since the collapse of the Roman Empire, Latin had remained the written & spoken language of educated people in western Europe vernacular languages - everyday speech that varies from place to place A. Early Vernacular Literature Kind of Literature Troubadour songs Romances Characteristics Poems about love & chivalry Fictional stories, sometimes of heroes National epic Miracle, morality, & mystery plays Long poem about a hero Short dramas with religious or biblical themes Example Love songs King Arthur & his Knights of the Round Table Song of Roland “Noah’s Flood” B. The Flowering of Vernacular Literature Dante Alighieri - Italian who wrote in the vernacular; his masterpiece was The Divine Comedy. Geoffrey Chaucer - English writer who used Middle English; his most famous work was The Canterbury Tales II. Education during the early Middle Ages, few people received an education; schooling was carried out at monasteries & in churches &, later, other schools in time, teachers & students united to form guilds to protect & gain rights for themselves (came to be called “universities”) between the late 1000s & the late 1200s, 4 great universities developed: Paris, Oxford, Bologna, & Salerno by the end of the 1400s, many more universities had opened throughout Europe, & all universities had the same programs III. Philosophy & Science A. Philosophy scholasticism - medieval philosophy attempting to bring together faith & reason Peter Abelard, an important philosopher of scholasticism, wrote Sic et Non (Yes & No), which raised many questions about the church’s teachings Thomas Aquinas - one of the greatest scholars of the Middle Ages; wrote Summa Theologiae, which summarized medieval Christian thought B. Science few advances were made in science during the Middle Ages; Europeans did, however, make some technical advances that helped with everyday life winches & pulleys made lifting & pulling heavy objects easier iron plows & better oxen yokes made farming easier windmills & waterwheels also began to be used IV. Architecture Gothic - style of church architecture characterized by tall spires & flying buttresses that was developed by master builders during the mid-1100s ROMANESQUE Dark Low walls Heavy domes Section 5: Wars & the Growth of Nations I. England VERSUS GOTHIC Light Towering Spacious by the late Middle Ages, England’s feudal lords had lost much of their power to its king Hundred Years’ War - war between France & England for the French throne that continued from 1337-1453 A. The Hundred Years’ War RESULTS England France Lost all of its French territory except Calais English soldiers robbed the French people & Knightly warfare was weakened by the use of destroyed their property longbows, cannons, & gunpowder The French starved, even during peacetime Parliament gained more power over the king The French king became more powerful B. The War of the Roses War of the Roses - war between the York & Lancaster families of England in 1455 the white rose was the badge of the House of York; the red rose was the badge of the House of Lancaster Henry Tudor - won the War of the Roses in 1485 by defeating King Richard III of York; married a daughter from the House of York &, as King Henry VII, set up a strong monarchy in England II. France A. A Fight for the Throne during the Hundred Years’ War, the House of Burgundy sided with the English against the House of Orléans, preventing France from uniting against the English finally in 1429, Charles VII of Orléans was crowned the king of France &, with the backing of the French people, drove out the English Joan of Arc - helped Charles VII become king of France; burned at the stake as a heretic; Catholic saint & a symbol of French patriotism B. A Return of Strong Kings during the Hundred Years’ War, the French Estates General controlled finances & passed laws (similar to the role of the English Parliament); after the war, however, it lost some of its power under the French king Louis XI, the French monarchy became stronger, & France became a united country III. Spain Spain became a united nation in 1479 under Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile Ferdinand & Isabella also discriminated against non-Christians; as a result, Spain was robbed of many of its leaders in industry & trade IV. The Holy Roman Empire Habsburg - powerful family of European rulers in the 1200s The Habsburgs used their position to arrange marriages with powerful families A Habsburg was elected emperor in 1273 Through marriage the Habsburgs gained control of Austria & nearby lands RISE OF THE HABSBURGS More well-planned marriages gave the Habsburgs control of much of the empire’s territory The Habsburgs became the most powerful family in Europe they were unable to unite the Holy Roman Empire because independent princes in Germany & the pope in Italy refused to surrender power to the Habsburgs Section 6: Challenges to Church Power I. Church Power Weakens power began shifting from the church to monarchs people began to question church practices in 1294 a conflict arose between the pope & a monarch, after which King Philip IV Of France ordered the clergy in France to pay taxes, thus angering Pope Boniface VIII who, in 1302, decreed that popes had power over worldly rulers this conflict between Philip IV & Boniface VIII was the first instance of a king with enough power to stand up to a pope & the church II. The Babylonian Captivity & the Great Schism after Boniface died, Philip had a French bishop, Clement V, elected pope; Clement V moved the headquarters of the church from Rome to Avignon, France Babylonian Captivity - years that the pope lived in Avignon, France, instead of Rome, Italy (13091377) until 1417 the church had 2 (& sometimes 3) popes; for political reasons, each pope had the support of certain national rulers & their people & clergy Great Schism - period of church history from 1378-1417 when the church was divided into opposing groups Council of Constance (1414-1417) removed the Italian & French popes while a third pope resigned; it then elected a new Italian pope & suggested that other councils be held to correct church problems III. More Problems for the Church the Babylonian Captivity & Great Schism resulted not only in loss of respect for the church & weakened papal authority, but they also increased criticism of the church Defender of the Faith (1324) claimed that the pope was the elected of the church alone with no power over worldly rulers it also stated that the church’s power belonged with a council of clergy & lay people John Wycliffe Promoted the English Bible Defended by the royal court Banned, not executed Both Teacher Attacked church abuses Accused of heresy Jan Hus Angered clergy Burned at the stake the questioning of church authority by John Wycliffe & Jan Hus set the stage for later reformers who would radically alter the history of the Christian church