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9. Islam II. Development of Islam A. Division in Islam occurred shortly after Muhammad’s death in 632 1. Sunni - believe only Muhammad’s political and military authority can be passed on to his successors - supported Abu-Bakr, Muhammad’s close companion, advisor and father-in-law as successor - Caliph > representative of Muhammad, must be a member of the Prophet’s clan 2. Shia - Believed Muhammad’s religious authority could also be passed on; successor must be a member of the Prophet’s clan by birth - supported Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law - Imam > both a political leader and divinely inspired religious leader - Ayatollah > highest level of religious scholar 3. The Division - After Muhammad’s death Abu Bakr was chosen as caliph rather than Ali - Ali was chosen as the fourth caliph, but was murdered by supporters of the Umayyad clan - Ali’s son, Husayn, and his supporters were massacred in the 680 battle at Karbala Shrine of Husayn, Karbala Shrine of Imam Ali, Najaf near Kufa 4. Legacy Sunni (Traditionalists) - consider themselves the guardians of religious orthodoxy - consider the Qur’an and Hadiths as sources of religious and legal authority Shi’ites (Party of Ali) - Imam are divinely inspired religious leaders - succession of Imams traced from Ali, some are hidden - belief in a Mahdi (guided one) > a Messiah - importance of Martyrdom - Mistrust of Sunni interpretation of the Qur’an and allows for an allegorical reading look to reveal hidden meanings al-Askari Mosque, Samarra, Iraq - Feb. 22, 2006 Bombed 5. Sufism - opposed materialism of the Abbasid Empire and called for a return to the more austere and spiritual life of early Islam - sought a mystical union with God A dervish was asked why he worshipped God through dance. “Because,” he replied, ” to worship God means to die to self; dancing kills self. When the self dies all problems die with it. Where the self is not, Love is, God is” Ritual Music and Dance – Whirling Dervishes - a tolerant, mystical interpretation of Islam with an emphasis on peace, compassion and humility My heart has adopted every shape; it has become a pasture for gazelles and a convent for Christian monks, A temple for idols and a pilgrim’s Kabah, the tables of a Torah and the pages of a Quran. I follow the religion of Love; wherever Love’s camels turn, there Love is my religion and my faith. Muslim Spain’s most famous Sufi mystic, Ibn Arabi (1165-1240) Focus on: Shaykh (Pir) > Spiritual Guide Wali > Saint Dargah Qutb Sahib, Mehrauli, India - Qutuddin Bakhtiyar “Kaki” d. 1235 III. Spread of Islam 1. Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) – capital in Damascus, Syria Expansion of Islam 7th – 8th C. Umayyad Mosque (completed 715) 2. Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258) - capital in Bagdad, Iraq The Abbasid Palace built in the 13th century. - Golden Age of Islam: Bagdad become the intellectual and cultural capital of Islam > flowering of Arabic literature > transmission of the knowledge of antiquity > advances in astronomy, math and medicine > art, architecture and crafts 3. Spread of Islam > 10th to 16th centuries primarily through trade A Cham Village, Vietnam IV. Islamic Empires of the Early Modern Age - Flowering of Islamic Culture 1. Ottoman Empire Osman (1280-1326) Mehmed II (1451-1481) led the successful conquest of Constantinople in 1453 Istanbul - Constantinople was renamed Istanbul (City of Islam) and became the capital city - Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque - New mosques were erected Hagia Sophia Suleymaniye Mosque - Istanbul Religious Toleration - non-Muslims paid a special tax - Millets > each religious community kept its own courts, schools and charities; also maintained their own neighborhoods Advertisement for the bookshop of Juda Varsano’s bookstore, Salonika, Ottoman Empire 2. The Rise of the Safavid Dynasty 1. Sail al-din (Safi al-Din) (1252-1334) - a Turkic Sufi leader who traced his Shi’ite origins back to Ali - as his followers, the Red Hats, spread his doctrine among the Turkic tribes a more activist Shi’ite faith was adopted 2. Shah Ismâ’il (1487-1524) - a descendant of Sail al-Din, founder of Safavid Dynasty - a Safavid leader who led his Turkic followers to military victories - - - Twelve Imam Shi’ism, Ithna Ashari, was declared the state religion theocracy was established conversion of the Sunni population was undertaken al-Askari Mosque, Samarra, Iraq - Feb. 22, 2006 Bombed - - Conflict developed with the Ottomans as preachers were sent into Anatolia to convert the Turkic tribesman and to encourage them to revolt 1513 defeat of the Safavid troops at the Battle of Chaldiron halted their advance and confined Shi’ism to Persia Naqsh-e-Jahan (Imam Square) Lotfollah Mosque - Isfahan Shah Mosque (Imam Mosque) 3. The Mughals Babur (1483-1530) - of Mongolian and Turkic descent - having lost his kingdom centered on Farghana, he retreated to Kabul - in 1526 he entered India to found a new kingdom - within a year he defeated the Muslim ruler of Lodi (the Delhi Sultanate) and a the Rajput to establish his authority over much of northern India Delhi – Jama Masjid Taj Mahal – Agra Islamic Political Sovereignty 1500 V. Islam and the Modern World A. Lagged behind the West from the 17th century; Isolation 1. Conservative nature of Islam 2. Self satisfaction relative to European countries 3. Development within Islam of extremely conservative groups > such as Wahhabism (founded 1744) Monument to Saladin (Dascus, Syria) B. End of Isolation in the early 20th century 1. Better means of transportation and communication 2. World War I - Ottoman Empire entered on the side of Germany and lost - break up of the Ottoman Empire into independent states > initially as League of Nations mandates granted to England and France 3. Discovery of Oil in the Middle East and Indonesia C. Resurgence of Islam 1. Reform Movements - close reading of the Qur’an for answers to modern political and economic problems; feminists seek grounds to expand their roles and right in the Qur’an 2. Extremely active Missionary movements if Africa 3. Islam associated with the struggle for social justice and selfdetermination vs. the West D. Emergence of Islamic Fundamentalism - reaction against Western culture - call for a return to traditional Islamic customs and practices > left wing response - 1979 Iranian Revolution > right wing response – Saudi Arabia’s Wahhabsim; however, dissidents like Osama bin Laden seek dissolution of the monarchy and imposition of an even stricter social order - struggle between modernization and Fundamentalism The Crown Prince, His Royal Highness Prince Sultan Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud E. Islam is again an expanding and growing religion