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Name: _______________________ Period: _____________ Date: ________________________ Characteristics of the Greeks I. Expansionism A. Define expand: to increase the extent, number, volume, or scope of. B. Who is Alexander the Great? Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of Macedon, a state in northern Greece. By the age of 30, he had created one of the largest empires in ancient history, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of the most successful commanders of all time. II. Individualistic A. Define individualist: Rely on yourself; One that pursues a markedly independent course in thought or action. B. Define anthropomorphic: Described or thought of as having a human form or human attributes. C. What are the following Greek Gods or Goddesses known for throughout Greek history? 1. Aphrodite? The Greek goddess of love and beauty. 2. Apollo? The Greek and Roman god of sunlight, prophecy, music, and poetry. 3. Athena? The Greek goddess of wisdom. 4. Hades? The Greek god of the underworld. 5. Poseidon? The Greek god of the sea. Page 1 of 5 Name: _______________________ Period: _____________ Date: ________________________ 6. Zeus? The king of the gods and husband of Hera in Greek mythology. III. Intellectual Curiosity A. Define philosophy: Pursuit or love of wisdom; a discipline comprising as its core logic, values, reason, aesthetics, ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology. 1. Who was Socrates? A classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Many would claim that Plato's dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity. Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who also lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic Method, or elenchus. 2. Who was Plato? A classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. 3. Who was Aristotle? A Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, Page 2 of 5 Name: _______________________ Period: _____________ Date: ________________________ encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics. Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. B. Define science: The state of knowing; knowledge as distinguished from ignorance or misunderstanding. 1. Who was Democritus? Father of Modern Science; the Laughing philosopher Greek philos; formulated an atomic theory for the cosmos. 2. Who was Hippocrates? Father of Medicine; Greek physician. IV. Humanistic A. Define humanism: A belief that humans can do anything; a doctrine, attitude, or way of life centered on human interests or values; especially a philosophy that usually rejects supernaturalism and stresses an individual's dignity and worth and capacity for selfrealization through reason. B. Define Spartan: A native or inhabitant of ancient Sparta; a person of great courage and self-discipline. V. Perfectionist Define perfectionist: To be perfect; the doctrine that the perfection of moral character constitutes a person's highest good; a disposition to regard anything short of perfection as unacceptable. VI. Idealistic A. Define idealism: Optimist; a theory that the essential nature of reality lies in consciousness or reason; a theory that only the Page 3 of 5 Name: _______________________ Period: _____________ Date: ________________________ perceptible is real; a theory that only mental states or entities are knowable; optimist. B. Define Athenian: Athenians believed that individuals should be free as long as they acted within the laws of Greece. This allowed them the opportunity to excel in any direction they chose. Individuality, as the Greeks viewed it, was the basis of their society. The ability to strive for excellence, no matter what the challenge, was what the Athenians so dearly believed in. This strive for excellence was the method from which they achieved such phenomenal accomplishments. These accomplishments astound us to this day. They also believed in the balance of mind and body. Although many of them strove to become soldiers and athletes, others ventured into philosophy, drama, pottery and the arts. The two most important concepts which the ancient Greeks followed were found inscribed on the great shrine of Delphi, which read "Nothing in excess" and "Know thyself.” This philosophy greatly impacted the Greek civilization. Athens was the intellectual center of Greece. VII. Political Decentralization A. Define political: Of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government. B. Define decentralization: The dispersion or distribution of functions and powers; specifically: the delegation of power from a central authority to regional and local authorities. C. Define monarchy: King; undivided rule or absolute sovereignty by a single person; a government having a hereditary chief of state with life tenure and powers varying from nominal to absolute. D. Define oligarchy: Government by the few; a government in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. Page 4 of 5 Name: _______________________ Period: _____________ Date: ________________________ E. Define tyranny: Oppressive power; a government in which absolute power is vested in a single ruler; dictatorship. F. Define democracy: Government by the people, especially rule of the majority; a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections. Page 5 of 5