Download Section 2-3

Section 2-3
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Although water is the primary medium for life on Earth, most of the molecules from which living
organisms are made are based on the element carbon (C). Carbon's ability to form large and
complex molecules has contributed to the great diversity of life.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
2. Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules.
3. Identify functional groups in biological molecules.
4. Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down.
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
C
_____________ ___________contain CARBON
ATOMS

Carbon can make a variety of molecules and
compounds by combining with itself and-
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typically______, ______, and_______.

Carbon also Covalently Bonds to other
____________ Atoms to form chains, branched
MOST IMPORTANT
ELEMENTTO LIVING THINGS
chains, and rings. (see (Figure 3-2) )

The structural variety of carbon is due to the
fact that it has _______ valence electrons.
(Figure 3-2)
MOST Organic Compounds are represented by a STRUCTURAL FORMULA.
Some Organic molecules have the same CHEMICAL FORMULA but have different 3-D structure
Carbon can covalently bond to other atoms of carbon Sharing Two or even Three Pair of
Electrons with another Atom
A. SINGLE BOND - A bond formed when two atoms share ONE pair of electrons.
B. DOUBLE BOND - Atoms share TWO pairs of electrons.
C. TRIPLE BOND - Atoms Sharing THREE pairs of elements.
LARGE CARBON MOLECULES

Large Carbon Compounds are built up from Smaller Simpler Molecules
called ___________________________ (Mono = ONE).

Two or more________________ can bind to one another to form Complex
Molecules known as ____________________. (Poly = MANY).

Large Polymers are called ________________________. (MACRO=
LARGE)

Monomers link to form Polymers through a Chemical Reaction called
_______________________________.

During the formation of Polymers, _____________ ( H2O ), is Released or
is By- Product of the Reaction.

Example (Figure 3-8) During the Formation of the Sugar SUCROSE,
which is Table Sugar, GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE Combine.

In the Chemical Reaction the Glucose Molecule Releases a Hydroxide Ion,
OH-, and the Fructose Molecule Releases a Hydrogen Ion, H+. The OHand H+ Ions that are Released Combine to produce a ______________
Molecule.

This is a __________________________(dehydration)REACTION.

The ADDITION of ______________, to some Polymers can Break the Bonds
that hold them together.

The ADDITION of ______________, to some Polymers can Break the Bonds
that hold them together.

The BREAKDOWN of some Complex Molecules, such as Polymers, occurs
through a process known as ________________________, the Reversal of a
Condensation (dehydration) Reaction.
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Section 2-3 Part II
OBJECTIVES:
1. Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
2. Describe the relationship between amino acids and protein structure.
3. Describe the induce fit model of enzyme action.
4. Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids.
5. Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
Four main classes of Organic Compounds are essential to the life processes of
All Living Things: ___________________, _________ (FAT), ___________, and
___________________(DNA, RNA).
These Compound are built from ______, _______, and _______, Atoms
Despite their similarities, the different classes of compounds have different
properties.
CARBOHYDRATES

The cells of the human body obtain MOST of their ______________from
CARBOHYDRATES.

CARBOHYDRATES ARE COMPOUNDS MADE OF CARBON,
HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN IN A RATIO OF ABOUT________ CARBON
TO _____HYDROGENS TO ____OXYGEN ATOM.
___C: ____H:____O

Examples of Carbohydrates:
There are THREE TYPES of Carbohydrates, grouped according to
complexity:
_______________________ , Disaccharides, _______________________
Types of carbohydrates:

________________________ ARE SINGLE SUGARS (Simple Sugar)
Examples include:

____________________ OR DOUBLE SUGARS, CONSIST OF TWO SINGLE SUGARS
(Monosaccharides) LINKED TOGETHER.
Sucrose is an example

____________________ IS A CARBOHYDRATE MADE OF LONG CHAINS OF SUGARS
("Many Sugars", Three or More Monosaccharides).
The prefix _________ means "Many".
Examples include:
PROTEINS

Proteins are Organic Compounds Composed mainly of ____, ______,
and______.

PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR THE BODY
PARTS SUCH AS______________, _____________, AND ______________.

Our cells need proteins to make other proteins, such as _______________.

Proteins are made up of smaller units called ___________ ___________.

Our bodies contain thousands of different proteins. All these proteins are
made from about __#__ Different____________ _________________.

Amino Acids Differ ONLY in the type of R Group they carry.
General Structure
Amino
Group
Carboxyl
Group
Amino Acids Differ
ONLY in the type of
R Group they carry

Two Amino Acids form a Covalent Bond, called a PEPTIDE BOND.

Amino Acids can Bond to Each Other one at a time, forming a long chain
called a __________________________.

Proteins are compose of one or more polypeptides. Some proteins are
very large molecules, containing hundreds of Amino Acids.
POLYPEPTIDE
Proteins as Enzymes

ENZYMES - RNA or Protein molecules help control Chemical Reactions

Enzymes work like a Lock and Key between the Enzyme Molecule and
its________________,( the Reactant being Catalyzed).
 The Fit of Enzymes on a Substrate Weakens some chemical bonds, which reduces
the Activation Energy for the Chemical Reaction to occur. Refereed to an the
Induced Fit Model.
Proteins by acting as ____________________, they can Speed up some
reactions in the body that would occur to slow by hydrolysis alone.
Temperature, PH, and the concentration of Enzymes and Substrate all
affect the rate at which enzymes work
LIPIDS OR FATS

Lipids are Large, _____________Organic Molecules that DO NOT
________________in Water (hydrophobic).

They have Large Numbers of _________to _____________ Bonds, which
store More _____________than Carbon to Oxygen Bonds.

_______________ are Unbalanced Carbon Chains that make up most
Lipids.
Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophyllic head
Fatty acid

FATS WITH ________BONDS ARE CALLED __________________ FAT.
AND ARE A _______AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, AND ARE USUALLY
REFERRED TO AS_________.
 ________________
FATS HAVE NO DOUBLE BONDS BETWEEN
THE CARBONS AND CONTAIN THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF _____
ATOMS.

________________ FATS ARE USUALLY _____________ AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE, AND MOST COME FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTS.

THREE Classes of Lipids important to Living Things contain Fatty Acids:
________________________ ,______________________, and ____________.
NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleic Acids are very Large and Complex Organic Molecules that
STORE Important Information in the Cell.
Examples:

_____________- contains information that is essential for almost all
Cell

Activities, Including Cell Division.
_____________- stores and transfers Information essential for the
Manufacturing of Proteins.

Nucleic Acids use a System of FOUR Compounds to store
__________________ Information.

__________________ , _______________ , ______________ ,
________________ - they make up the nitrogen-containing bases
found in DNA.

Both DNA and RNA are Polymers, composed of thousands of
linked Monomers called________________________.

Each Nucleotide is made of THREE Main Components:
________________ , ________________ , ______________ ________.
Hydrogen bonds
Nitrogen base
Phosphate bond
Sugar (ribose)
Sugar (ribose)
Phosphate bond
Nucleic Acid Structure (above)
Relationship between a Chromosome and DNA Structure