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CHAPTER 6 SECTION 3 AND CHAPTER 7 VOCABULARY Geographic isolation – a type of evolution that occurs when populations of species are divided or separated by a physical barrier Convergent evolution – the independent evolution in similar environment of similar species but with no common ancestor Lithospheric plate – large, brittle pieces of Earth’s outer shell composed of crust and uppermost mantle Uniformitarianism – the ideas that Earth processes that are at work today were also working on Earth in the past Rock Cycle- the series of process that change rock from one form to another Clast – different sized pieces of rock Lithification – process of changing sediment into rock Stratum –layers of rock Superposition – the theory that undisturbed layers or rock have the oldest layers on the bottom and the youngest on the top Relative age – an estimation of age made by comparing position and characteristics of two objects Absolute age – the age of a rock given as the number of years since the rock has formed Intrusion – an igneous rock layer formed when magma harden beneath the Earth’s surface Extrusion- an igneous rock layer formed when lava flows onto Earth’s surface and hardens Weathering - mechanical or chemical erosion of rocks due to weather Transportation – to the movement of eroded debris, whether by rivers, glaciers, wind or ocean currents, and tides Erosion - the mechanical process of wearing or grinding the earth's surface by the action of water and wind Deposition - is the geological process by which material is added to a landform or land mass Isotope- atoms of a given element that have the same number of protons and electrons but a different number on neutrons Radioactive decay – when an unstable atomic nucleus changes to another nucleus by emitting particles and energy Half-life – the time it takes for a radioactive isotope to decay to half of its original amount Radiation – thermal energy transferred by electromagnetic waves