Download Definitions are in Book

Definitions are in Book.
Questions:
1) Why are the noble gases used for condensed electron configurations?
There is due to the fact that this atoms are extremely stable. It takes a fair amount of
energy to change their electron configurations. You’ll notice that it takes a lot of energy to
remove an electron and even takes energy to add an electron. This stability is a direct result
of the filling of the p-orbital.
2) How are Hess’s law, ∆Hof, and the fact that enthalpy is a state function all connected?
As discussed in the SI sessions and the test review, enthalpy is a state function—meaning it
doesn’t matter how you get from the starting point to the end point, the change is always
the same. We can think of ∆Hof as the most direct path to forming a molecule or molecules,
since this is merely the energy of the bonds in that molecule or molecules. Hess’s law says
we can add the change in enthalpy of several reactions to find the change in enthalpy of a
single, final reaction. This is a less direct path to forming a molecule or molecules. But the
change in enthalpy for whole process is the same, regardless of whether you use Hess’s law
or heats of formation. In this way enthalpy is a state function.
3) What is meant by “Energy is quantized”?
Energy can only be certain values. For example, the 1s orbital has a certain energy and the
2s orbital has a certain energy, but it’s impossible for an electron to have an energy that is
between these two values.
4) How do neon lights work?
Once the light is plugged in and turned on, the electricity causes the electrons in neon to
become ‘excited’, which means the electrons move a higher energy level orbital. Once
they’re there, they want to get back down to ground state (the orbital they were originally
in). To do this, they give off the extra energy as radiation (light). It’s important to note that
this light only has certain frequencies. This is due to the fact that the energy the electron is
‘quantized’ [read above].
Read the following statements and label as correct or incorrect.
1) Humans are running out of fossil fuels.
True
2) Quantum mechanics tells us that hydrogen’s electron orbits at a radius of 53pm when the electron
is in the 1s orbital.
False. Quantum mechanics tells us that hydrogen’s electron most likely orbits at a radius of
53pm when the electron is in the 1s orbital. Quantum mechanics is not precise since we can
never know exactly where an electron is (Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle).
3) Food can contain no calories.
True. As a general rule (for our purpose—is always true), if the food contains on protein,
carbohydrates, or fats, then the food has no calories.
4) Albert Einstein invented quantum mechanics.
False. Einstein helped lay some ground work that was eventually used to prove quantum
mechanics, but he rejected the idea that energy was quantized (which is the heart and soul
of quantum mechanics).
5) In really high energy states, the electrons in some radioactive elements occasionally enter an
orbital that already has an electron that is spin up and an electron that is spin down.
False. The Pauli Exclusion Principle tells us that there can only ever be two electrons in an
orbital, and it’s impossible to have three.
6) The pen/pencil is a wave with a certain wavelength and frequency.
True. Quantum mechanics tells us that all matter is energy, and all energy can be
expressed as a wave. If you were to crunch the numbers to find the wavelength and
frequency, you’d find that one was extremely high and one was extremely low, on the orders
of
.