Download Inorganic Chemistry Lab

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVIEW: Structure and
Function of Macromolecules
The most important point to remember is the theme of structure and function in relating
to organic chemistry. The shape of a molecule will determine the function it plays in a
cell. Chang the shape and the function will change.
Carbon
1.
2.
3.
Explain the versatility of carbon in organic molecules.
List the six functional groups that can be attached to the carbon skeleton,
write the structural formulas, and give a function for each group in a living
organism.
Draw an organic molecule with all seven functional groups.
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates: CH2O
Monosaccharides
1.
Define the terms: Monomer, Isomer, and Polymer.
2.
Give an example of each term for carbohydrates.
3.
Construct a linear model for glucose, covert it to the ringed shape, draw a
diagram of it.
4.
Explain how the shape of galactose is different from glucose.
5.
What is the molecular formula for these two monosaccharides (glucose
and galactose)
6.
Explain the primary function of glucose in an organism.
7.
What are six-carbon sugars called?
Disaccharides
1.
List three disaccharides and the molecules that make them up.
2.
What is the molecular formula for a disaccharide?
3.
Why is the formula not double that of a monosaccharide?
Polysaccharides
1.
Give two examples of polysaccharides for plants and two examples of
polysaccharides for animals and the function of each.
Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids are all synthesized and broken down by the
same types of reactions. In Dehydration Synthesis, a hydrogen atom from one molecule
joins with a hydroxyl group from another molecules to form water, leaving the two
molecules bonded to the same oxygen atom. For example, when two molecules of
glucose are joined by dehydration synthesis, they form maltose and water (see below).
In Hydrolysis, complex organic molecules are broken down by the addition of the
components of water – H+ and OH-. Both dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis require
certain conditions of pH and temperature and the presence of particular enzymes.
QuickTime™ and a
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Questions
1.
In the space below, show the hydrolysis of maltose. (The reaction is the reverse of
the dehydration synthesis of maltose.)
2.
What are the products of the hydrolysis of maltose?
3.
In what life process does hydrolysis occur?
Lipids:
1.
Label each of the following components in the equation below.
a.
Differentiate between a saturated and unsaturated fat.
b.
Differentiate among mono, di, and triglycerides.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Phospholipids:
1.
Draw a phospholipids molecule.
2.
How do these molecules differ from lipids?
3.
What is their function?
4.
Identify the hydrophobic region and the hydrophilic region of the
molecule.
Proteins:
Proteins are the most abundant type of organic compound in cells. They are also
the most important molecules playing roles such as building blocks for structure,
hormones, and enzymes. Below, in the general formula for an amino acid, which is the
building blocks of proteins. Circle the amino group and the carboxyl group.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
1.
Construct a model of the amino acid alanine. Draw a three D structure of this
molecule.
Dipeptides:
1.
Draw the two-dimensional structural formula of a peptide bond. Label the peptide
bond.
Polypeptides:
1.
Define conformation, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quarternary structure of
proteins.
2.
What type of bonds hold amino acids together to help form a protein?
3.
Describe what will happen to a protein’s shape if you change one amino acid in
the primary structure.
4.
What is denaturation? How can it happen?
Enzymes
Enzymes:
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in living cells. A catalyst increases the
rate of a chemical reaction, allowing it to proceed rapidly when it would otherwise occur
only very slowly. Enzymes are highly specific in their catalytic activity. The specificity
of enzyme action is the result of a “lock-and-key” arrangement in which the enzyme and
the substrate it reacts with (the substrate) join together to form an enzyme-substrate
complex. When the reaction is completed, the enzyme and the newly formed reaction
products separate, leaving the enzyme unchanged. Enzymes are highly efficient catalysts,
and only small quantities are needed to catalyze the reaction of relatively large amounts
of materials. Each enzyme has an optimum range of temperature and pH at which it
operates most efficiently.
Questions
1.
2.
Is an enzyme “used up” by the reaction it catalyzes? Explain.
What is meant by enzyme specificity?
3.
What is the active site of an enzyme?
4.
The substance with which an enzyme reacts is its ________________________.
5.
Could life as we know it exist without enzymes? Explain.
Nucleic Acids:
1.
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
2.
What are their functions?
3.
How are they similar and how are they different?
4.
Remember that function depends on structure and shape. Draw the structural
formula for a DNA nucleotide.
a.
b.
c.
Circle the phosphate
Place the sugar in a pentagon
enclose the nitrogen base in a triangle
5.
What is the bond called that joins the nucleotide monomers into polymers of
nucleic acids? Explain how this bond is formed.
6.
What type of bond forms between the nitrogen bases? Is it a weak bond or strong?
Why? Diagram two nucleotides forming a basepair. If the base is thymine, what
base will it bond with?
7.
What is the relationship of the nucleotides of DNA/RNA and the amino acids of
proteins?