Download Chapter Twenty-One: The Furnace of Civil War

Chapter Twenty-One: The Furnace of Civil War
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Early War
A. First Battle of Bull Run “Manasas” (July 21, 1861)
1) Spectators, congressman expect sporting-event style battle
2) “Stone Wall” Jackson routes Union troops under Irvin McDowell
3) Many Southerners deserted convinced in total victory
B. Union Anaconda Plan
1) Blockade southern ports
2) Liberate slaves in the South
3) Half the Confederacy with control of the Mississippi
4) Take Georgia and the Carolinas
5) Capture Richmond
6) Engage the enemies main force at all times *Grant’s idea
C. The Second Battle of Bull Run (August 29-30, 1862): Union General John
Pope loses to Lee
D. Congress decrees rebel property may be used in the war effort (1861) and
enables the Confiscation Act (1862)—declaring slaves captives of war
who shall forever be free
E. Grant captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Tennessee and
Cumberland Rivers (February 1862)
War at Sea
A. Blockade of the South (initiated July 1861)
1) Originally leaky but improved after Britain recognizes its
international import in order to protect blockade as a future
weapon for their use
2) British also reluctantly approve “ultimate destination” or
“continuous voyage” doctrine of seizing ships based on the
possibility of the shipment’s final destination
B. Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimack (March 9,1862)
1) Merrimack, originally Union warship refitted by Southerners
with iron hull and renamed the Virginia
2) Fought to a standstill but Merrimack scuttled
General McClellan, “Young Napoleon,” “Little Mac”
A. McClellan granted command of the Army of the Potomac, trains troops
but undertakes no action
B. Beginning of the Peninsula Campaign (April 1862), with 10,000 troops,
capturing Yorktown, but reinforcements diverted to chase Jackson away
from D.C.
C. The Seven Days Battles (July 1862), General Robert E. Lee and Jeb Stuart
defeat McClellan though with 20,000:10,000 losses
D. Antietam (September 17, 1862)
1) McClellan returned to command, halts Lee with the help of
discovered battle plans
2) McClellan stripped of command for not pursuing
3) Prevented foreign support for the Confederacy
Emancipation Proclamation (January 1863) and African Americans
V.
VI.
VII.
A. September 23, 1862—preliminary emancipation proclamation, announced
the issuing of the real one January 1, 1863
1) Freed slaves in states in rebellion against the Union
2) Increased Union sympathy amongst European masses
B. Black Troops
1) 180,000 blacks served in the Union armies, 10% of total
enlistments: including two Massachusetts’s regiments raised by
Fredrick Douglass
2) 22 Blacks received Congressional Medal of Honor
3) Blacks only began enlistment in the Southern army near the end
Gettysburg (June-July 1863)
A. General A.E. Burnside and “Fighting Joe” Hooker
1) Burnside attacks Lee’s strong position at Fredericksburg
(December 13, 1862)—lost more than 10,000 men
2) Hooker is flanked by Jackson at Chancellorville, Virginia (May
2-4, 1863)
B. George G. Meade at Gettysburg
1) Fortified a Union position at Gettysburg with 92,000 troops
2) Attacked by Lee’s 76,000 troops July 1-3, 1863
3) Failed after Pickett’s charge was turned back
4) Lincoln turned back Jefferson’s delegation at the Union line,
which had been sent to negotiate peace in anticipation of victory
5) 1863—Gettysburg address, considered terrible at the time
Ulysses S. Grant and Western Battles
A. The Battle of Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862)
1) Attempt to capture a Confederate rail crossing at Corinth
2) Counter-attacked but, large Confederate army prevents capture
of the rails demonstrating the war would have no quick ending
B. The Vicksburg Campaign (May—July 4, 1863)
1) David G. Farragut controlling a fleet, united with a Union army
to capture New Orleans setting the field for Grant
2) Grant was given control of the siege of Vicksburg
3) Capture of New Orleans and Vicksburg cut off the Confederacy
cattle supplies; also combined with the Union victory at
Gettysburg to frighten any away foreign aid for the Confederacy
C. The Battle of Chickamauga (September 1863)—defeat of Confederates
leads to the Battle of Chattanooga
D. The Siege of Knoxville (November—December 1863)
E. Wilderness Campaign (May—June 1864)
1) “Bloody Angel” and “Hell’s Half Acre”
2) The Battle of Spotsylvania (May 1864)
3) The Battle of Cold Harbor (June 1864)—7,000 incapacitated
men lost to a frontal assault by Grant
4) The Siege of Petersburg (June 1864), Five Forks, and Sayler’s
Creek
William Tecumseh Sherman’s March (November 1864)
A. The Battle of Chattanooga (November 1863)
B. Siege of Atlanta (August 1864)
1) Captured September, burned November
2) Left base to march to the sea to seize Savannah and continued
into South Carolina—raised Columbia
C. Total War
1) Pillaged everything, new war tactic
2) “Sherman’s Sentinels”—remnant chimneys from burnt houses
3) “Sherman’s Hairpins”—twisted rail tracks
VIII.
IX.
X.
Election of 1864 and War Politics
A. Lincoln and the Union Party—Won
1) Republicans and War Democrats—democrats that supported the
war effort
2) VP: Andrew Johnson, war democrat selected to get border states
votes as a slave owner but backfired after Lincoln’s assassination
3) Salmon Chase (Secretary of Treasury and leader of the
Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War, created 1861)
originally nominated
4) 212 electoral votes; 2,206,938 popular votes
B. McClellan and the Northern Democrats
1) Peace Democrats and Copperheads—both opposed war, but
copperheads specifically distrusted Lincoln and were more
radical
2) Originally denounced the prosecution of war until McClellan
revoked the claim
3) Both sides engaged in mudslinging
4) 21 electoral votes; 1,803,787 popular votes
C. Clement L. Vallandigham
1) Demanded end to the war, convicted by a military tribunal
(1863) for treason, banished to Confederacy
2) Made it back to Canada and ran for Ohio governorship, failed
and returned to American soil
3) Inspired The Man Without a Country (1863) by Edward Everett
Hale: representative character is Philip Nolan
Appomattox Courthouse (April 9, 1865)—South surrenders
Lincoln’s Death (April 14, 1865) and the Aftermath
A. John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln at Ford Theatre—helped his repution
B. 600,000 deaths and cost $15 billion