Download U.S._Hx._Chapter_3

Chapter 3: Developing
a National Identity
By the end of 1812, Americans had a growing sense of
nationalism. A religious revival helped spur reform
movements that sought to improve the lives of the poor
in an increasingly urban and industrialized nation.
Americans also continued to settle in the west , and by
1848 the nation’s borders extended to the Rio Grande
and the Pacific Ocean.
Section 1:
From Nationalism to Sectionalism

Main Idea: In the early 1800’s, feelings of
nationalism grew, although conflicts
between different regions of the United
States were also emerging.
Bell Ringer
How did the United States defy the monarchs of
Europe? In the early 1800s, Russia and Great Britain
sought to balance power in Europe, and to suppress
revolutions abroad. Spanish colonies in South
America fought for independence, and the United
States, although technically neutral, supplied the
rebels and gave new nations diplomatic recognition.
Worried about territorial threats from Europe, John
Quincy Adams, secretary of State to President James
Monroe, proposed declaring the Americas off-limits to
new European colonization. This policy became
known as the Monroe doctrine.
Review Questions
1. How did the United States support
rebellions in South America?
2. What was the policy proposed by John
Quincy Adams and put into effect by
President James Monroe that declared the
Americas off-limits to new European
colonization?
A Bold Move
Between 1803 and 1815, a series of wars
was fought between different European
nations and France
 After France’s final defeat in 1815, the major
European countries created the “Concert of
Europe”

 What
does that name mean?
 Goals: to maintain a balance of power in Europe
and to suppress revolutionary ideas





In South America, were declaring their
independence from Spain
Although the U.S. claimed neutrality, it supplied
rebels with ships and supplies
In 1822, James Monroe, was the first leader to
recognize the new nations
U.S. became concerned that France would try to
conquer those newly independent nations and
colonize them.
James Monroe issues the “Monroe Doctrine”
which states that North American lands are no
longer subject to any new colonial establishments
The Rise of Nationalism

The Monroe Doctrine was a demonstration
of Nationalism, the belief that the
interests of the entire nation are more
important than regional interests or the
interests of other countries
Nationalism and Domestic Policy
James Monroe served as President from 1817
to 1825
 During this time: economy grew rapidly, and
spirit of optimism and nationalism prevailed
 Supreme Court Ruling: McCulloch v. Maryland

 Court

rules that a National Bank is constitutional
Supreme Court Ruling: Gibbons v. Ogden
 Supreme
Court gives the national government the
right to regulate interstate commerce
Nationalism and Foreign Policy
Sense of nationalism and pride were fueled
by their success in the war of 1812, and the
growing strength of the nation.
 The Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

 U.S.
acquires Florida and establishes a firm
boundary between the Louisiana Purchase and
Spanish Territory

The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
 Declaration
by the United States that the land in
North America was off limits to further
colonization
Reading Focus Question #1

What events reflected the rise of
nationalism in the United States?
 Supreme
Court cases extended the power of
the national government, treaties
strengthened U.S. position in the Americas
The Missouri Compromise

When the Missouri Territory petitioned to serve
join the union as a state, it caused controversy
 There
were 22 states in the union already, in ½ slavery
was legal, in ½ slavery was not legal
 This provided balance in the Senate

In 1820 the Missouri Compromise allowed
Missouri to be admitted as a slave state, and
Maine would be admitted as a free state
 Kept
the balance between slave states and free states
 Showed that feelings of sectionalism ( the belief that
one’s own section or region is more important than the
whole) were beginning to emerge
The Age of Jackson

In 1824, Andrew Jackson ran for President
against John Quincy Adams
 Had
been a popular war hero in war of 1812
John Quincy Adams won the election
 Outcome: Andrew Jackson creates the
Democratic Party, Adams and his supporters
become known as the National Republicans

John Quincy Adams as President
Was a weak President
 Administration was involved in scandals
 Was not in touch with the needs and
desires of the American people
 After one term, Adams lost in the next
election to Andrew Jackson

The Age of Jackson
The time when Jackson became President
 Was characterized by conflict with the
Native Americans, conflict over the
national bank, and sectionalism

Reading Focus Question #2

What was the “Age of Jackson”?
 The
presidency of Andrew Jackson
The Indian Removal Act
President Jackson wanted to acquire the
land in the Southeast, where 5 separate
Native American Nations lived.
 Jackson decided it would be best to relocate
the Native American people living in that
region
 In 1830, Congress signed the Indian
Relocation Act which called for the Indian
people to be moved west of the Mississippi
to an assigned territory


Under the Supervision of the U.S. Army,
Native Americans were forced to march
hundreds of miles west during the Trail of
Tears
 Exposure
to weather conditions, malnutrition,
and disease killed many of the Native
Americans
The National Bank



Congress had established the 2nd National Bank in
1816, with a 20 year charter.
Purpose was to regulate state banks
Jackson opposed the National Bank
 Was
a “Strict Constitutionalist” and did not believe the
constitution gave the government the right to establish a
bank
 Also wanted to support state banks which made it easier
for poor farmers in the south to get loans
 Jackson eventually ordered the Secretary of the Treasury
to withdraw money from the national bank and deposit it in
state banks
Conflict over States’ Rights


Those who favored strengthening state rights over the
rights of the federal government cited the 10th
amendment…any power not assigned to the federal
government is reserved for the states
In the early 1800’s northern and southern states
clashed over tariffs
 Northern
states were in favor of tariffs because it made their
goods more competitive
 Southern states resented the increase in cost for goods
In 1832, Congress passed another Tariff
which led to the nullification crisis
 Nullification Theory claimed that the states
had the right to reject federal laws

 South
Carolina is the first state to declare the
federal tariff null and void and threatened to
secede or separate from the Union if they
tried to enforce the tariff
 Initially Jackson was going to attempt to use
force to collect the tariff. Instead a
compromise was reached in which tariffs were
reduced for 10 years
The Industrial North
Industrial Revolution, the name for the birth
of modern industry and the social changes that
accompanied the industrial growth
 Began in Great Britain when British inventors
used steam and water to power machines to
weave cloth
 Steam engine became more efficient and
reliable in the 1700’s after James Watts
improved the existing design

The North Industrializes
To protect their industrial advantage Britain
passed a law making it illegal for anyone
possessing industrial knowledge to leave the
country or export and industrial machine
 Samuel Slater violated this law when he
brought his knowledge of how to build steam
machines to the Americas

 He
and his brother built the first textile mill in
Rhode Island
 By 1810, there were more than 60 textile mills in
New England

Industrialization also led to urbanization
 People
left their farms to go and work in mills
and factories
 As people moved to areas to work in mills,
more services needed to be developed
Transportation and Communication
Roads: By 1840 a network of roads connected
most cities and towns promoting travel and
trade
 Canals: In 1825 the 363 mile long Erie Canal
opened connecting the Great Lakes with the
Atlantic Ocean
 Railroads: In 1830, the first steam powered
train ran in the U.S.
 Telegraph: In 1840, Samuel Morse patented
the first telegraph, a device that sends
messages using electricity through wires

Reading Focus Question #3

How did the Industrial Revolution affect
the North?
 Led
to rapid urbanization and the
development of transportation networks and
communication advances
Cotton and the South
Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin
which separated seeds from the usable
part of the cotton made large scale cotton
production possible
 Effect: more cotton was produced and
brought north to weave into cloth
 Was also an increased demand for cotton
in Great Britain
 More people became involved in cotton
farming

Slavery Spreads




Even with the cotton gin, cotton farming was labor
intensive: land needed to be prepared, seeds
planted, plants tended, crop picked, and baked
First cotton farms were small and run by families
who didn’t own slaves
Soon wealthier planters grew cotton and other
crops on plantations and used slave labor
Increase in cotton farming led to and increase in the
demand for slaves
 In
1810 there were 1 million slaves, by 1849 there were
2.5 million slaves
Reading Focus Question #4

What was the importance of cotton in the
South?
 Revolutionized
the South; led to more and
larger plantations and the demand for more
slaves
Differences in North and South
North:
Industrial
Urban (cities)
Free States
Favored a strong national
government
Strong Network of
Transportation
More Nationalist

South:
Agricultural
Rural
Slave States
Favored State Rights
Weaker transportation
network
More sectionalist
Dependent on slave labor

Section 2: A Push for Reform

Main Idea: The Reform era led to some
improvements in American society as well
as the beginning of the women’s
movement and the abolition movement
Bell Ringer
What was happening in Western New York? Revival
meetings, fiery preachers, and religious revelations were all
features of life in Western New York in the 1820’s and 1830’s.
Religious fervor was so strong that the region was called the
“burned-over district” because people said it was scorched by
the flames of religion. It was in Western New York that both the
Church of Jesus Christ of later day Saints and the Seventh Day
Adventist Church were born. Religious passion in that area
was matched by social idealism. In the “Burned-over District”
people helped slaves escape to Canada via the Underground
Railroad, idealists established Utopian communities, and
supporters of women’s rights began a movement to promote
their cause.
Review Questions
1. What two religious movements trace their
origins to Western New York in the 1820s
and 1830s?
2. Why do you think social reform
movements would have gained followers
in an area of strong religious interest?
Religion Sparks Reform

Throughout the 1820’s-1830’s there was a
religious movement called the Second
Great Awakening in which people joined
churches in record numbers
 Difference
from the First Great Awakening in
the 1700’s: preachers did not teach strict
adherence to church rules. Rather, they were
told their destiny was in their own hands so
they should work hard and live well.
 Were also told that they had a responsibility to
do God’s work on earth
The Reform Era
From 1830-1860 Americans tried to reshape
American Society
 The Temperance Movement: eliminate or
lessen the use of alcohol because they linked
it to sickness, poverty and the breakup of
families
 Education Reforms: movement to get more
children educated because educated citizens
would make better decisions for the country
and was important for a democratic nation

Prison Reforms: Started by Dorthea Dix in
1841 after visiting a prison in Cambridge.
Resulted in the creation of state run
mental institutions to remove mentally ill
people from prison
 Transcendentalism Movement: the belief
that knowledge is not just gained by
observation but also through reason,
intuition, and spiritual experiences

Reading Focus Question #1

How did religion spark reform in the
early 19th century?
 Preachers
told people that they had a
responsibility to do God’s work on earth
Early Immigration and Urban Reform

Irish and Germans were the first two groups
who immigrated to escape poor conditions in
their home countries

Most immigrants arrived with no money and
struggled to survive
The Know-Nothings
A secret organization “The KnowNothings” promoted anti-immigration
feelings
 Created their own political party called the
American party
 Irish immigrants tended to be poorer,
Catholic, and faced greater discrimination
 German immigrants were wealthier,
Protestant and faced less discrimination,
were able to travel further inland to seek land
and opportunity

Reform in Cities and Industry
Most city dwellers lived in tenements, poorly
made over crowded apartments which lacked
light, ventilation, & proper sanitation
 Boards of Health were established to reform
conditions
 30% of Americans worked in factories
 Wealthy business owners looked down on
workers

Results: low wages, long hours, unsafe
working conditions, and other abuses
 Workers began to organize into groups to
demand higher wages, shorter hours, and
safer working conditions

 This

was the beginning of labor unions
Labor groups did enjoy some victories:
 10
hour Movement which limited the workday
to 10 hours
Reading Focus Question #2

How did early immigration lead to
urban reform?
 Immigration
led to rapid growth in cities,
where poor residents often lived and worked
in poor conditions; these problems led to the
reform movement
Women in the Reform Era
Women could not vote, hold office, serve
on juries, or own property
 Women took an active role in the Reform
Era

Women Reformers
Reform movements were rooted in the
Second Great Awakening
 Women began forming bible reading and
missionary societies which eventually
evolved into reform societies

Reading Focus Question #3

What was the role of women in the
Reform Era?
 Played
a leading role in the reform
movements, including education reforms,
prison reforms, and the temperance
movement; began the modern women’s
movement
The Seneca Falls Convention
July 1848 women’s rights convention was
held in Seneca Falls
 Many women wanted to gain political
influence to be able to promote the reform
causes that were important to them
 Organized by Lucretia Scott and Elizabeth
Cady Stanton

 Both
were abolitionists (wanted to abolish
slavery)

At the convention, they drafted the Seneca
Falls Declaration
 Signed
by 100 participants
 Stated the belief that all men and women were
created equal.
 Those who signed it were ridiculed
The Abolition Movement
Most enslaved people lived on farms or
plantations in the south
 Worked as farm hands, construction and
repair, household tasks, blacksmiths,
bricklayers, or carpenters
 Some slaves worked in cities in factories,
mills, offices, mines, or lumberjacks
 Living conditions were poor-poor food,
clothing, and shelter
 Received no medical care

Slaveholders routinely separated families
when family members were sold to
different owners
 Many enslaved African Americans formed
communities and created common culture

Anti-Slavery Efforts in the South

By mid-1800’s there were approximately 250,000
freeman who gained their emancipation
 Faced
terrible social or legal discrimination
 Played a major role in anti-slavery activities
 Helped others escape slavery

Between 1776 and 1860 there were about 200 slave
uprisings
 In
1831, Nat Turner and other slaves killed a slaveholder
and his family, marched toward Southampton VA killing
dozens of other white people along the way
 Militia captured them and hanged 20 of them
Many slaves attempted to escape to Canada,
the Northern states or Mexico where slavery
was illegal
 An informal, constantly changing network of
escape routes was developed became known
as “Underground Railroad”

 Sympathetic
whites and freemen provided
escapees with food, hiding places, and directions
to their next destination
 Harriet Tubman was a famous “conductor” on the
underground railroad who had escaped slavery
herself
The Abolition Movement in the North



Abolition movement was formed to help abolish or end
slavery
Religious people in the north saw slavery as a moral
wrong
In 1833 William Lloyd Garrison founded the American
Anti-Slavery Society
 First
abolitionist group to call for the immediate end to
slavery


Most abolitionist work was done by women
Fredrick Douglas, an escaped slave was an
abolitionist and supported women’s rights
Majority of Southerners did not own slaves
 Slave-owners found the abolition
movement outrageous
 Slaveholders argued that slavery was
essential for cotton production
 By 1860, cotton accounted for 60% of U.S.
exports
 Most northerners supported slavery as
well Why?

Section 3: Expansion Leads to
Conflict

Main Idea:
As the United States pushed westward,
conflicted erupted between Texas and Mexico
Bell Ringer
What challenges did westward bound pioneers face?
Oregon was a popular destination for pioneers. One
woman who made the trip was 19 year old Harriet
Buckingham, who described her journey in her diary. Her
wagon train included 7 wagons and a carriage, oxen,
cows, horses, and mules. They had to carry their own
food, tents, and stoves. When the wagon train reached
the Platte River, the men of several groups built a bridge.
More than 50 wagons crossed safely. The timing was
lucky, because later that night, a fierce thunderstorm
erupted.
Review Questions:
1. What types of items did pioneers have to
bring with them on their journey?
2. How would bad weather have affected the
pioneers travelling across North America?
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was the belief that it was
America’s God given right to settle the
lands westward to the Pacific Ocean
 There were three major routes west:

 Santa

Led from Missouri to Santa Fe, NM
 The

Oregon Trail
Longest and most famous trail reaching from
Missouri to Oregon
 The

Fe Trail
Mormon Trail
Mormons faced persecution and were forced from
their homes. They followed the Mormon Trail west
Reading Focus Question #1

How did the idea of manifest destiny
influence Americans’ western
migration?
 Americans
believed it was their God given
right to settle the land all the way to the
Pacific Ocean
The California Gold Rush
In 1848 gold was discovered in Northern
California
 Mass Migration to CA of miners and business
people who made money off them became
known as the California Gold Rush
 In 1849 40,000 people moved to CA. They
were known as the “49ers”
 In 1850, CA became the 31st state
 80% of new Californians came from the U.S.




Initially miners would move into camps in the
gold fields, but businessmen moved into cities,
especially San Francisco
Other cities that grew were Stockton and
Sacramento, which became the state capital
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?
guidAssetId=1F84A69E-FCD4-4556-B868017A059DA54F&blnFromSearch=1&productcod
e=US
Major Effects of Western Migration
In 1869 continuous railroad tracks were
completed connecting the east coast to the
west coast
 Oregon Treaty allowed the United States to
acquire Oregon from Great Britain and
established the boundary between Oregon and
British Canada at the 49th parallel
 The Pony Express used young riders on fast
horses to relay mail between Missouri and CA
 In 1861 the telegraph linked the east and the
west

Americans move into Texas

In 1820, Moses Austin approached Spanish
officials with the Texas Venture
 In
exchange for land, he would build a colony in
Texas
 In 1823, Austin’s son Stephen established the
colony
 By 1824 300 families (about 1800 people) lived in
the colony
 By the time the colony was set up, Mexico was
no longer part of Spain, it was independent
 By 1830 almost all the settlers in Texas were
Americans, not Mexicans
The Texas Revolution





In exchange for land, Texas settlers had to
surrender American citizenship, swear allegiance to
Mexico, adopt the Catholic religion, and keep the
land for 7 years
Although the settlers did this, in their mind, they
were still Americans
Mexico became concerned with the American
influence and wanted to control it
In response to Mexico’s efforts, Texas decided it
wanted its independence
On March 2, 1836 Texas declared its independence
from Mexico
The Alamo







In the 1700’s, the Alamo had been a mission, but was
converted for military use
Mexican President Santa Anna led a force of 6,000 north into
Texas and demanded their surrender
Commander of the Texans, William Travis responded with a
cannon shot
Battle lasted 12 days…On March 6 1835 1800 Mexican
soldiers stormed the Alamo
Within 4 hours the Mexicans had killed all but 200 of the
Alamo defenders
On April 21 in the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna was
captured and forced to recognize Texas as an independent
country
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=2BF1147D-20BD-477F-9CF66DD2E2A907D1&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Reading Focus Question #2:

How did Texaas achieve independence
from Mexico?
 Through
the Texas revolution, after capturing
the Mexican president, Texans forced him to
sign treaties recognizing Texan independence
The Annexation of Texas



In Texas’ first election, Sam Houston won the
presidency
Election also was about whether or not Texas should
join the union… the result was overwhelmingly yes
Many Americans were in favor of annexing Texas
 Would
increase the land of the United States (Manifest
Destiny)
 Admired the Texans for their courage against the Mexicans
 Would allow slavery

Many Americans opposed annexing Texas
 Did
 Did
 Did
not want to absorb Texas’ debt
not want to spread slavery
not want to tip the balance of Congress in favor of the
South
Texas remained independent for 9 years
 Became an issue during the Presidential
race of 1844
 John Tyler offered a solution: Texas could
become a state under certain conditions
 On December 29, 1845, Texas joined the
union

Causes of the Mexican American
War
In response to annexation of Texas, Mexico
broke off diplomatic relations with U.S.
 President James Polk wanted to acquire land
between Texas and the Pacific Ocean

 Was
sparsely populated by American or Mexican
settlers
 Mexican government and military had little
presence there

In 1845, Polk sent an envoy, John Slidell, to
Mexico
 U.S.
would cancel some of Mexico’s debts in
exchange for recognizing the Rio Grande as the
new boundary between the U.S. and Mexico
 Also would pay $30 million for New Mexico and
CA
No one in Mexico would meet with Slidell
 Was furious and wanted Mexico punished
 On May 13, 1846 Mexican-American War
began

The Republic of California
General Stephen Kearney marched west from
KS headed for New Mexico
 Easily captured Santa Fe
 Moved on to CA
 In CA, a small group of American settlers
revolted and easily defended a small Mexican
force in Sonoma
 Rebels forced the Mexican leader to sign a
treaty turning over CA to the rebel group

On June 14, 1846, rebels declared CA an
independent republic and made a flag with a
bear on it.
 Revolt became known as the “Bear Flag
Revolt”
 1 month later, the U.S. forces arrived and took
control of CA
 General Winfield Scott landed on the Eastern
coast of Mexico, and headed inland capturing
Mexico City

Results of the War

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the
Mexican-American War
 Mexico
gave up its claim to Texas
 Had to cede (give) New Mexico, CA, Nevada,
Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming to the
U.S.
 In exchange for this land, the U.S. paid $15
million and dropped its claim for $3 million in
damages “Gadsden Purchase”
Reading Focus Question #3:
What were the causes and effects of
the Mexican American War?
Causes
Annexation of Texas
Mexico’s refusal to meet
with President Polk’s
envoy
Boundary dispute

Effects
U.S. took control of a
huge area of land
including what
became New Mexico
and CA

Chapter 3 CST Review Question #1

The Second Great Awakening encouraged
a.
b.
c.
d.
Individual responsibility, a strong work ethic and social
reform
A return to traditional values and strict adherence to
church rules
The codification of Christine doctrine as law at all levels
of government
The establishment of new churches based on public
displays of faith and denial of material wants
Chapter 3 CST Review Question #2

Which of the following religious groups was
founded by Joseph Smith in the Burned over
District and forced to flee persecution for its
practices in the mid 1800’s?
a. Shakers
b. Quakers
c. Mormons
d. Seventh day Adventists