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Why do we study history? So that we learn from the past to build on their success and to avoid their failures Shows us a path How do we know its true? We use facts that can be proven by; eyewitness accounts, multiple documents saying and showing the same thing compare the time frame of the account to the event. Finding a penny means good luck. The Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. There are seven continents on earth. The mountains are more beautiful than the desert. If you are born in April, you will become rich. Mr. Ollivier is the best teacher in the school because students always want to come to his class. 7. Drake is the worst rapper in the world. 8. If I eat a whole row of Oreo cookies I will gain weight 9. Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player because he changed how the game was played. 10. Our principal’s name is Mrs. McCoy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fact = A fact is verifiable. We can determine whether it is true by researching the evidence. This may involve numbers, dates, testimony, etc. (Ex.: "World War II ended in 1945.") Opinion = An opinion is a judgment based on facts, an honest attempt to draw a reasonable conclusion from factual evidence. (For example, we know that millions of people go without proper medical care, and so you form the opinion that the country should institute national health insurance even though it would cost billions of dollars.) Belief = a belief is a conviction based on cultural or personal faith, morality, or values. Beliefs are often called "opinions" because they express viewpoints, but they are not based on facts or other evidence. They cannot be disproved or even contested in a rational or logical manner. Since beliefs are inarguable, they cannot serve as the thesis of a formal argument. Geography Culture Religion Geography The study of people, places and how they interact with their environment How do people interact with their environment? Make a list Must understand that people are always adapting and altering their environment Often broken down into 2 parts. Regional Geography Regions may be basically physical, human or some combination of both and may vary in size from continents to small ecosystems. Topical Geography Topical geography considers systematic studies of climate, landforms, economics, and culture among others 1) Location = specific spot on the earth’s surface Relative Location are described by landmarks, time, direction or distance from one place to another Absolute Location is latitude and longitude (a global location) or a street address (local location). Think #’s. 2) Place = a smaller area with unique human and physical characteristics Human Characteristics derived from the ideas and actions of people that result in changes to the environment, such as buildings, roads, clothing, and food habits Physical Characteristics include mountains, rivers, soil, beaches, wildlife, 3) Interaction = the sharing of ideas through adapting, modifying and depending on the environment 4) Movement = going from place to place with some form of interaction 5) Region = large area with similar characteristics How might you describe the relative location of the fields of crops? What is the climate region shown here? How do you know? What elements in the scene identify this specific place? How do you think people, goods, and ideas move to and from this place? How have the people of this area changed their environment? Culture is everything that makes up a persons entire way of life Culture is a LEARNED behavior You are not born with it, it must be taught Culture can change overtime and adapt from one generation to another but most core ideas and beliefs often stay the same Its up to the family/parents to provide the core basics It’s a process that can change overtime and adapt to the environment Many factors in our world can now alter our culture and continue to change it over time But you have to learn it Name 3 Themes of Geography? Place, Interaction, Movement, Region, Location Regional Geography and Topical Geography latitude and longitude (a global location) is often referred to as _______________ location Absolute Location What is religion? Religion - who or what you believe in and how you live your life This is often taught to you at a young age and the beliefs and values of your parents are often instilled in you. Geography and Culture (religion) are the most influential elements on history. Religion Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism Sikhism Judaism Baha'ism Confucianism Jainism Shintoism Members 2.1 billion 1.3 billion 851 million 375 million 25 million 15 million 7.5 million 6.4 million 4.5 million 2.8 million Percentage 33.0% 20.1 13.3 5.9 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 Ancient Israelites: Were called Hebrews Were monotheistic: believing that there was only one God. At the time, all other peoples worshiped many gods. Belief System: Hebrews believed in an all-knowing, all-powerful God who was present everywhere. a) history and faith were interconnected The Torah: Includes the first five books of the Hebrew Bible- that is the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy According to the Torah, a man named Abraham lived near Ur in Mesopotamia. A) About 2000 B.C., he and his family migrated, herding their sheep and goats into a region called Cannaan. B) Abraham is considered the father of the Israelite people Includes the first five books of the Hebrew Bible- this is often referred to as the _________________ Torah Who is considered the father of the Israelites? Abraham The belief in one god is called ____________________ Monotheistic The Israelites believed that God had made the following covenant, or promise and agreement with Abraham You shall be the father of a multitude of nations…I will make nations of you and kings shall come forth from you. And I will establish my covenant between me and you and your descendants after you throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be god to your descendants after you. And I will give to you, and your descendants after you, the land of yours. -Genesis 17:4-8 God’s covenant: Included two declarations that became the basis of two key belief systems of Judaism 1. God declared that He would have a special relationship with Abraham and his descendants. God chose them to fulfill certain obligations and duties in the world. 2. God declared that Cannan would one day belong to the Israelites. As a result, the Israelites viewed Cannan as their “promised land” An Israelite named Moses later renewed God’s covenant with the Israelites. Genesis tells that a famine forced many Israelites to migrate to Egypt. There they were eventually enslaved. In the book Exodus, Moses tells the Israelites that in return for faithful obedience to God, God will lead them out of bondage and into the promised land. In time, Moses led the Israelites in their Exodus, from Egypt. After 40 years, they reach Cannan, although Moses died just before they arrived. By 1000 B.C. the Israelites had set up the kingdom of Israel. The Torah tells of 12 different tribes of Israel that had fought up until this time. David, the strong and wise second king of Israel, united these tribes into a single country. David’s son Solomon followed him as king. Solomon undertook the task of turning the city of Jerusalem into an impressive capital. David increased Israel’s influence in the Middle East Israelite Society: Was patriarchal, which means that men held the greatest legal and moral authority . Women had fewer legal rights than men Ten Commandments: Set of laws that Jews believe God gave to them through Moses A) The first 4 commandments stress religious duties towards god B) The rest address conduct towards others (Example: “You Shall Not Steal”) The Sabbath: Holy day for rest and worship Often in Jewish history, spiritual leaders emerged to interpret God’s will. These prophets, such as Isaiah and Jeremiah, reminded the Jewish people of their duties. The prophets taught a strong code of ethics, or moral standards of behavior. All people they said were equal before god. Unlike many ancient societies in which the ruler was seen as a god, Jews saw their leaders as fully human and bound to obey God’s law. The spreading out of the Jewish people was called Diaspora. Where ever the Jewish people settled, many maintained their identity as a people by living in close knit communities and obeying their religious laws and traditions Today, Judaism is considered a major world religion for its unique contribution to religious thought. It influenced both Christianity and Islam A __________________is a conviction based on cultural or personal faith, morality, or values. Belief The holy day for rest and worship is called the _____________ The Sabbath who or what you believe in and how you live your life is called ______________ Religion Name 2 Themes of Geography 1) 2) Place, Interaction, Movement, Region, Location Set of laws that Jews believe God gave to them through Moses is called the _________________________ 10 Commandments In the book ______________, Moses tells the Israelites that in return for faithful obedience to God, God will lead them out of bondage and into the promised land Exodus __________ geography considers systematic studies of climate, landforms, economics, and culture among others Topical Geography What is the name of the holy city for Judaism? (It’s located in Israel) Jerusalem The three things that affect what people do most are? 1) 2) 3) Geography , culture, and religion The spreading out of the Jewish people is called _______________ Diaspora Gospels = 1st 4 books of the new testament of Christian bible, talks about life of Jesus Parable— short stories with simple moral lessons Disciple and Apostle ----leader or teacher of a new faith or movement Messiah ---- Anointed king sent by God, would appear to lead people to freedom Crucifixion— being bound or nailed to cross Christ– Greek word meaning anointed one Martyr— people who suffer or die for their beliefs Baptized = blessed with holy water Clergy— group of people who conduct Christian ceremonies Bishop -----high ranking church official with authority over local area Patriarch -----in the Roman and Byzantine empires, highest church official in major city Pope -----head of the Roman Catholic Church Jesus—founder Mary— mother of Jesus Apostles –12 disciples close to Jesus Disciples— people who followed his teachings Peter– apostle Paul— converted follower who spread the word Nero— Roman emperor who persecuted Christians Constantine --Theodosius Began in Judea, followers of Jew named Jesus Jesus Born around 4 BC in Bethlehem, house of David, grew up in Nazareth Worked as a carpenter and started preaching at age 30 Attracted many followers with his teachings and traveled around While in Jerusalem to celebrate Passover he was captured and executed through Roman persecution on the cross After his death his followers began to travel and spread his word People began to refer to followers as Christians bc Christ means anointed one Traveled through the roman empire and spread his words Paul converted and spread the word into the non Jewish areas bc appealed to all class of people Romans did not allow Christians to worship and the persecuted them, those that died are martyrs “Edict of Milan” by Constantine granted religious freedom to all in Roman empire and Theodosius made Christianity official religion of Rome and the Church gained power Welcomed women in service at first, later bared from any title Men ruled early church and clergy; Diocese were controlled by priest, over him was his Bishop, bishops in big cities were patriarchs Rivalries among patriarchs began to form as patriarch of Rome became known as Pope and others wanted say Jesus performed miracles of healing Teachings were rooted in Jewish tradition, 1 god and 10 commandments, laws of Moses and prophets Believed him to be son of god, or messiah Love God, love your neighbor, forgive and spread my word He was betrayed and crucified by the Romans He died and 3 days he rose from the dead Later he ascended into heaven Church is the center of worship, cross is a major symbol Jesus sacrificed his life out of love for mankind He said the kingdom was open to all Persecutions ended when Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity Theodosius made Christianity official religion of Rome Had to be baptized for sins to be forgiven, and were seen as equals, brothers and sisters Sundays attended mass, eat bread and drank wine in remembrance of Jesus last supper Roman Empire shared various religious beliefs Jupiter, Mars, Juno and traditional Roman Gods remained important By 63 B.C., the Romans had conquered Judea, where most Jews of the time lived. While most Jews were reluctantly willing to live under Roman rule, others, called Zealots were not. They called on Jews to revolt against Rome and re-establish an independent state separate from Rome. Some Jews believed that a messiah, or anointed king sent by god, would lead their people to freedom As turmoil engulfed the Jews in Judea, a new religion, Christianity, arose among them. It began among the followers of a Jew named Jesus. Jesus was born about 4 B.C. in Bethlehem, near Jerusalem. According to the Gospels, he was a descendant of King David of Israel Jesus worshiped God and followed Jewish law. Jesus was a carpenter who began preaching to people near the Sea of Galilee especially when word spread that he performed miracles of healing. Jesus often told short stories with simple moral lessons to communicate his ideas Jesus recruited 12 of his disciples or close followers to help him in his mission. Jesus called them apostles meaning a person sent forth. Believed in one God and accepted the 10 commandments He preached obedience to the laws of Moses Jesus called himself the Son of God. Many people believed he was the long anticipated messiah Jesus said that his mission was to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who believed in him Jesus emphasized God’s love and taught the need for justice, morality and service to others Why was Jesus killed? According to the Romans, Jesus was a threat because his speeches could inflame those eager to end Roman rule The Gospels say that Jesus was betrayed by one of his disciples. He was then arrested by the Romans, tried, and condemned to death by crucifixion Rumors began to spread that Jesus was not dead at all The Gospels report that his disciples saw and talked to Jesus, who had risen from death The Gospels go on to say that Jesus, after commanding his disciples to spread his teachings to all people, ascended into heaven After the death of Jesus, apostles and other disciples spread the message of Christianity Those who accepted the teachings of Jesus were called Christians Paul, a Jew from Asia Minor played the most influential role in spreading Christianity Paul journeyed around the Mediterranean and set up churches teaching the message of Jesus Rome found those who followed Christianity disloyal to Rome because they refused to honor the emperor When Christians met in secret, Christians were accused by Romans for engaging in evil practices Nero, a Roman Emperor would execute and arrest Christians. Christians who died were called martyrs (People who suffer or die for their beliefs) The persecution of Christians finally ended in A.D. 313 when the Roman Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan Edict of Milan: Granted freedom of worship to all citizens of the Roman empire By the end of the century Theodosius had made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire