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Name:
Horticulture 232
Exam I
2001
IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS: Please read the entire exam prior to answering
any questions. Please fill in each blank as directed. Illegible answers will be counted
as incorrect. Please work independently. You may not use notes.
Thought for the day:
If folks only knew!
….how many hours of thinking,
hours of digging, days of sunshine, weeks of coaxing
dozens of headaches, pounds of fertilizer, bushels of rich soil,
gallons of water and hundreds of backaches it takes--to produce a pretty flower!
Modena Seed Company, San Francisco, CA
Section I
A.
가൓ Points
Introduction to Systematics
験榼馅㉝淎ଷ 낕帒꫑夯ਖ 㞦쐬띥꫑탒ⱸ蜩꫑쪸묎懕(2 words) is the science of identifying, naming, and
classifying all plants. It is a challenging field of study.
B.
Specific sources of scientific information regarding the systematics of a particular taxon are
bibliographies, indexes, guides, and comprehensive works of broad scope. Monographs are
comprehensive taxonomic treatises that synthesize all the known information about a group of plants
and the term __________that refers to a published inventory of all plants growing in a geographical or
political area.
C.
There are five objectives of Plant Taxonomy. Use Single words.
1. To ________________the world's ___________
2. To provide a method for __________________ and __________________
3. To produce a ______________ and_____________ system of classification
4. To demonstrate _______________implications of plant __________________
5. To provide a single __________, scientific name for every group of plants in the world
D.
There are three 'phases' of plant systematics:
1. Exploration and discovery phase better known as __________taxonomy
2. Synthesis phase where classification based on _______________is developed
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3. Experimental phase is the combining of data for interpretation in ______________and phylogenetic
terms.
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Section II. Reproductive Characteristics 10 points
Place the correct letter next to the term or processes that are most closely related to the lettered items.
Each letter may be used only one time.
A. Flowering
F. Pollination
B. Megasporogenesis
G. Double Fertilization
C. Megagametogenesis
H. Vegetative Plant
D. Microsporogenesis
I. Mature Seed
E. Microgametogenesis
J. Germination
1. _____ Testa, embryo, mature endosperm
2. _____ Zygote and fused polar nuclei plus sperm cell
3. _____ Roots and shoots, stems and buds
4. _____ Sperm and vegetative (Tube) cells (nuclei in older terminology terminology)
5. _____ Process whereby plant exits the vegetative phase and enters reproductive phase
6. _____ Epicotyls and hypocotyls; cotyledons and plumules
7. _____ From anther to stigma
8. _____ Nucellar tissue, integuments and pre-meiotic mother cell
9. _____ Eight (Haploid) nucleate embryo sac
10. ____ Epidermis, endothecium, middle cell layer and tapetum
B. Relate these organs, tissues etc. Place correct letter in blank.
a. Funiculus
1 _______Embryo Sac
b. Micropyle
2________Placentation
c. Filament
3________Ovule
d. Style
4________Anther
e. Radicle
5________Seedling
f. Free Central
6________ Pistil
C. Identify the following floral formulae as applying to Magnoliopsida (M) or Liliopsida (L) taxon.
1. CA 3 CO 3 A 6 G 3
_________________
3
2. CA 5 CO 5 A 10 G 5 _________________
4
Section III Historic Perspective
10 points
Plant Systematics is a recognized botanical discipline; scholars have dedicated their lives to the
organization and classification of plants. What has evolved is the systematic treatment of more than
400,000 species based on phylogenetic relationships. The system that we use today developed over
time and space and often advancements were linked to other concomitant scientific discoveries.
PLACE APPROPRIATE NUMBER IN BLANK
1. Theophrastus
Developed "Materia Medica"; used for almost
1500 years
2. Albertus Magnus
An author of our textbook
3. George Bentham; Joseph Dalton Hooker
Swedish
physician
who
wrote
"Genera
Plantarum" and "Species Plantarum"
4. Adolf Engler & Karl Prantl
French scientist who suggested use of multiple
traits and weighing of traits in systematics.
5. J. B. P. de Lamarck
French botanist who major effort was the
"Prodromus'
6. Charles Darwin
Famous
systematist
who
directed
Arnold
Arboretum at Harvard; Dr. Keener's academic
ancestor
7. Andrea Cesalpino
Credited with the discovery of evolution
8. Caspar Bauhin
First to distinguish monocots and dicots
9. Otto Brunfels
Greek who is called the "Father of Botany"
10. Luca Ghini
University of Nebraska Professor who greatly
influenced modern systematics
11. Caspar Bauhin
12. Liberty Hyde Bailey
13. Arthur Cronquist
14. Charles Bessey
15. Samuel B. Jones
16. Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
17. Asa Gray
18. Pedanios Dioscorides
19. Michel Adanson
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20. Carl von Linne
21. A. P. de Candolle
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Section IV FERNS
10 points
A. For the following statements, indicate whether each statement is true or false. (3pts)
____ All vascular plants have seeds.
____ The life cycle of a fern is termed alternation of generations.
____ The gametophyte of a fern produces spores.
____ Pteridophytes have parallel leaf venation
____ All pteridophytes open their new fronds through a process known as
circinate vernation.
____ Ferns only reproduce sexually.
B.
1 Which fern group sporangium is larger and contains more spores? (1pt)
____ Leptosporangiate
____ Eusporangiate
C. Look at the two ferns A and B. Label the following statements either true or false. (2pts)
A
a.
b.
c
d
B
____ Fern B has bi-pinnate leaves
____ Fern A has once-pinnate leaves
.____Fern B has a fertile stalk
____ Fern A has sori
D. Name one genus of a fern studied in class. Correct spelling is important!! (1pt)
____________________________
E. Name one pteridophyte studied in class that is not a fern (common name is valid). Correct spelling
is important!! (1pt)
___________________________
F. Name one the four pteridophyte divisions. Correct spelling is important! (1pt)
____________________________
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G. A fern with only one kind of spore is said to be _____________________.
Correct spelling is important! (1pt)
Section V Gymnosperms
10 points
A. There are four divisions of Gymnosperms containing species in existence today. Rank
the divisions according to size (number of genera) from smallest (1) to largest (4).
_________
Gnetophyta (A)
_________
Coniferophyta (B)
_________
Gingkophyta (C)
_________
Cycadophyta (D)
B. Of the four divisions listed in the previous question, which two divisions (A, B, C, D)
contain species that could be grown outdoors, year-round, in Central Pennsylvania?
__________ and ___________.
C. Give a characteristic (reproductive or anatomical) that distinguishes the gymnosperms
from the angiosperms ___________________________________________.
D. For each species, match the needle characteristic that can be used to distinguish
that species from the other species of the Pinaceae Family.
_______ Picea
A. Circular needle base or leaf scar
_______ Cedrus
B. Needles in fascicles
_______ Abies
C. Needles in tufts
_______ Pinus
D. Sterigma attaches needle to twig
E. Place each species in the correct family of Coniferophyta
__________ Taxodiaceae
__________ Taxaceae
__________ Pinaceae
__________ Cupressaceae
A. Juniperus conferta
B. Tsuga canadensis
C. Thuja occidentalis
D. Taxodium distictum
E. Larix decidua
F. Taxus baccata
G. Metasequoia glyptostroboides
H. Pseudotsuga Menziesii
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Section VI Nomenclature
A.
Plant systematics is based on a system of ranks. These ranks are highly consistent within the
plant kingdom. For a plant such as a waterlily, complete the following table by writing the
correct term in the numbered boxes:
Rank
B.
10 points
Botanical Term
1.
Magnoliophyta
Class.
2.
3.
Magnoliidae
Order
4.
5.
Nymphaeceae
Genus
6.
7.
Xbeattiei
Cultivar.
8.
(any waterlily genus)
(Hypothetical)
(hypothetical)
A binomial is legitimate when it has three parts: genus, species and __________. A generic
name must be ___________ and _____________. The species name may take on several
forms: list two specific forms using real examples: _________________ and
___________________. Present one valid example of the third part of the
binomial.__________________________.
C.
There are six (6) principles of botanical nomenclature: fill in with single words.
1). Botanical nomenclature is independent of ________________ nomenclature.
2) The application of names to taxonomic groups is determined by means of nomenclatural
_________. This principle holds that each name must be represented by a herbarium
specimen.
3) The principle of priority states that names are legitimate based on the ____________of
their designation.
4) Each ____________(botanical term) can bear only one correct name and
5) This name is ______________ regardless of derivation.
6) Valid changes in the rules of classification and nomenclature are generally
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________________.
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Section VII
10 Points
Principles of Plant Taxonomy
A.
Characters upon which plants are identified, named and classified can be either
_______________, such as flower color, or _______________, such as seedpod length.
B.
Cladograms, phenograms, and clustergrams result from a statistical analysis of taxonomic
data; these diagrams purport to depict ____________(2 words) among species.
C.
Name the four "schools" of plant systematics discussed in class:
1. _____________________
3. ___________________
2. _____________________
4. ___________________
D. The botanical term that describes two species that exist in the same location is ___________.
E. When a single species exists in two diverse locations this is called: __________. This might result
from several causes, list one_______________________
F. Infraspecific taxa refer to taxa below the rank of species; match the rank with the proper descriptor
1. Lowest amount of genetic variability
subspecies____
2. Highest amount of genetic variability
3. Intermediate amount of variability
forma _______
variety_______
F. Place the proper term in the blank.
1. Orders are collections of ___________________
2. Genera are collections of ___________________
3. Families are collections of __________________
G. Phylogenetic systematics infers that plants are classified based on
__________________________________________________
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Section VIII Classification of Magnoliopsida: Magnoliidae/Hamamelidae 20 Points
A.
Let us assume that you are vacationing during Spring Break in the Smoky Mountains. You
enter a lea surrounded by a small-forested area and you see some interesting shrubs. Below I
will list brief descriptions of ten specimens for you to identify with the correct letter. For the
purpose of this question, they belong to either the subclasses Magnoliidae (M) or
Hamamelidae (H).
B.
1
Syncarpous carpels
6
Tricolpate pollen
2
Monosulcate pollen
7
Perfect flowers
3
Generally woody
plants
8
Polypetalous
4
Flowers arranged in
catkins
9
Centrifugal pollen
maturity
5
Reduced flowers
10
Mature fruit with
single ovules
The following families all belong to the subclasses we have been studying over the past few
weeks, namely, the Magnoliidae (M) and Hamamelidae (H). Classify the given families by
labeling them with the proper initial.
1.
Lauraceae
2.
Myricaceae
3.
Piperaceae
4.
Winteraceae
5.
Urticaceae
6.
Ulmaceae
C. Give one reason
from the underlined clues included in each question as to why the unidentified
plant is not a member of each of the listed families:
You cannot use the same reason twice for a given question
You choose to do a Spring internship in Lucerne, Switzerland. While traveling in the Alps you
see a large tree, the leaves do not have stipules, the terminal buds are in clusters.
Nymphaeaceae ____________________________________________
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Betulaceae _______________________________________________
Fagaceae _________________________________________________
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D.
Fagaceae & Betulaceae
Indicate the family (Fagaceae or Betulaceae) described by the following statements:
1. _____________ No lenticels on stems
2. _____________Beeches and oaks
3. _____________Staminate/pistillate catkins
4. _____________Carpinus and Corylus
5. _____________One-seeded nut with a hard woody coat
6. _____________Star-shaped pith
7. _____________Pistillate Flowers lack corolla and calyx
8. _____________Cluster of buds at tip of stem
9. _____________Persistent leaves into the winter
10. ____________Leaves are simple, alternate, toothed, or lobed
E. .
Nymphaeaceae: Choose the terms that apply to the Nymphaeaceae
1.
Zygomorphic flowers
2.
Numerous floral parts
3.
Seed with endosperm and perisperm
4.
Milky sap when plant is crushed
5.
Annual plant duration
6.
Lack of blue floral pigmentation
7.
Fruit a spongy berry
8.
Imperfect flowers
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IX. Student Talks: Please write the letters of the correct family in the space provided.
A. Aloeaceae
B. Aquifoliaceae
C. Araceae
D. Asclepediaceae
E. Berberidaceae
F. Campanulaceae
G. Cornaceae
H. Cycadaceae
I. Ericaceae
J. Lauraceae
K. Lamiaceae
L. Oleaceae
M. Onagraceae
N. Papaveraceae
O. Polemoniaceae
P. Primulaceae
Q. Rutaceae
R. Scrophulariaceae
S. Taxaceae
T. Taxodiaceae
U. Violaceae
V. Vitaceae
1. Supplied food for a goddess turned heifer.
_____________
2. Famous for its flowering understory tree with ‘alligator-skin’ bark.
_____________
3. Ruta, Murraya, and Fortunella belong to this family.
_____________
4. Ampelography is a study of delineating varieties of a genus in this family.
_____________
5. ‘Deck the Halls’, piano keys, and tea.
____________
6. Uses of this family include food, string, glue, medicine, and chewing gum.
_____________
7. Floral cup is an extended tube, a compound pistil with 4 carpels,
4 stigmas, and 8 stamens.
_____________
8. Bilabiate, landing pad for pollinators, and a treat for cats.
_____________
9. Dioscorides devoted a chapter of “Materia Medica” to Cyclamen
which belongs to this family.
_
____________
10. Contains our state flower, comes from the word Ereike, and consists of
woody, evergreen, or deciduous plants.
_____________
11. The Arum, Philodendron, or Aroid Family.
_____________
12. A species in this family is known to stimulate the immune system because
it contains the compound Aloectin B.
_____________
13. Antirrhinum, two lipped petals, Digitalis, and Mimulus. .
_____________
14. Produce insulin instead of starch, has an inferior ovary, and produces latex
in the phloem.
_____________
15. Leaves opposite, simple or pinnately compound; 4-lobed calyx,
4-merous corolla, 2 stamens, superior ovary; fruit is a drupe, capsule, or samara.
_____________
16. ‘Breathes with its knees’, deciduous or evergreen, leaves scale-like or
needle-like.
_____________
17.
_____________
Usually dioecious, has aril fruit, some poisonous, and are shade tolerant.
18. Gymnosperms with three types of roots; a taproot-lateral root system,
specialized lateral roots symbiotic with coralloids, and adventitious roots.
_____________
19. Dorothy “rested” in a field of these opium-producing plants.
_____________
20. Berberis, Mahonia, Nandina, CA 3+3 CO 3+3 A6 G1.
_____________
21. Aromatic trees and shrubs, Sassafras, Avocado, and Sweet Bay.
_____________
22. Phlox, Eriastrum, and Jacob’s Ladder.
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_____________