Download Life’s Hierarchical Order - Whitehall District Schools

Life’s Hierarchical Order
And Systematics
Each Level of the living
world is a biological
structure building on the
level below it
Levels Beyond Individual
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biomes
• Biosphere
Emergent Properties
• Emergent Property: A property that
emerges as a result of interactions between
components
• Basically: Each level has different, more
complex aspects
• For Example: Order, Repro,Growth,
Development, Energy Usage, Homeostasis
How to study organization
• Holism
• Cannot explain a
higher level by
breaking it into
parts
• Living whole is
sum of its parts
• Reductionism
• Can understand
complex system
by studying its
component parts
• Watson and
Crick
Taxonomy
• Identification and classifying organisms
• To Organize and Retrieve Information
• To Illuminate Evolutionary Relationships between
groups to build accurate phylogenic trees
• Taxonomic groups are ranked into a hierarchy
from the most to the least inclusive category
– Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species
– Using binomial (two part) naming
Taxonomy: Systematics
• Systematics connects biological diversity to
phylogeny
– Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a
species or group of related species
– Systematics: the study of biological diversity in
an evolutionary context
Classification to Phylogeny
• Goal of systematics is to have classification
reflect the evolutionary tendencies/affinities
of species
– Try to be monophyletic (one single ancestor),
creating a classification reflecting evolutionary
history of the organisms
Gadgets and Relationships
• Molecular biology provides the tools for
systematics;
–
–
–
–
Electrophoresis (protein comparison)
DNA Sequencing
Fossilized DNA
Molecular Clocks measure protein evolution at
constant rates
Taxonomy con’t
• Cladistics: Phylogenic systematics.
– Shared Derived Core Traits and Characteristics
– Goal is to produce Cladograms
• A Hypothesis of relationships
• Divided by last common ancestor to produce groups
to have a single common ancestor.
Science as a Process
• Testable Hypothesis and the
Scientific Method
• The Key Ingredient:
Hypothetico-deductive method
Hypothetico-deductive method
• Hypo-Educated guess
• Inductive-inference from set of
observation to reach conclusion
• Deductive- (If-Then) inference
of results if hypo is true
A Useful Hypo
•
•
•
•
•
Are possible causes
Reflect past experience
Multiple hypos are good
Must be testable
Can be elimanited, but not confirmed
The experiment
• Control group: all variable held
constant
• Variable: condition subject to change
• Experimental group: has varied
treatment
Save the World….
• Just a bit of an assignment
Science and Technology:
functions of society
• S & T are interdependent: How?
• The love and hate of technology:
Helping and the consequences
• Biology is a multidisciplinary
adventure:(EO Wilson) that links all
science
• Is all knowledge linked?