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Kingdoms and Domains
The three-domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
Protista
Based on type
of coelom
(Evolutionary Systematics)
(Phylogenetic Systematics [cladistics])
Grouping into sister groups - “nested”
Evolutionary Systematics
Phylogenetic Systematics(cladistics)
-Homologous vs analogous structures
-Homologous vs analogous structures
-Ancestral vs derived structures
-Ancestral vs derived structures
(symplesiomorphies vs synaptomorphies
in outgroups)
-Weight character sets differently, idea
of varying evolutionary significance
-Weight character sets equally, focus
on number of synaptomorphies
-Grouping based on evolutionary origin
and “adaptive zone” concept
allows for paraphyletic grouping
-Grouping based on common descent
only allows for monophyletic grouping
-Use 7 basic taxa, expanded with prefixes
-Only valid taxon is a clade, and grouping
is in sister groups
-Displayed as dendrogram/phylogenetic
tree
-Displayed as a cladogram
Hominidae
PS
ES
SPECIES CONCEPTS
BIOLOGICAL SPECIES - a species is a reproductive community of
populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific
niche in nature.
EVOLUTIONARY SPECIES - a single lineage of ancestor-descendent
populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and that
has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate.
PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES - an irreducible (basal) grouping of organisms
diagnosably distinct from other such groupings and within which there is a
parental pattern of ancestry and descent.