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Life’s Hierarchical Order And Systematics Each Level of the living world is a biological structure building on the level below it Levels Beyond Individual • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biomes • Biosphere Emergent Properties • Emergent Property: A property that emerges as a result of interactions between components • Basically: Each level has different, more complex aspects • For Example: Order, Repro,Growth, Development, Energy Usage, Homeostasis How to study organization • Holism • Cannot explain a higher level by breaking it into parts • Living whole is sum of its parts • Reductionism • Can understand complex system by studying its component parts • Watson and Crick Taxonomy • Identification and classifying organisms • To Organize and Retrieve Information • To Illuminate Evolutionary Relationships between groups to build accurate phylogenic trees • Taxonomic groups are ranked into a hierarchy from the most to the least inclusive category – Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species – Using binomial (two part) naming Taxonomy: Systematics • Systematics connects biological diversity to phylogeny – Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species – Systematics: the study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context Classification to Phylogeny • Goal of systematics is to have classification reflect the evolutionary tendencies/affinities of species – Try to be monophyletic (one single ancestor), creating a classification reflecting evolutionary history of the organisms Gadgets and Relationships • Molecular biology provides the tools for systematics; – – – – Electrophoresis (protein comparison) DNA Sequencing Fossilized DNA Molecular Clocks measure protein evolution at constant rates Taxonomy con’t • Cladistics: Phylogenic systematics. – Shared Derived Core Traits and Characteristics – Goal is to produce Cladograms • A Hypothesis of relationships • Divided by last common ancestor to produce groups to have a single common ancestor. Science as a Process • Testable Hypothesis and the Scientific Method • The Key Ingredient: Hypothetico-deductive method Hypothetico-deductive method • Hypo-Educated guess • Inductive-inference from set of observation to reach conclusion • Deductive- (If-Then) inference of results if hypo is true A Useful Hypo • • • • • Are possible causes Reflect past experience Multiple hypos are good Must be testable Can be elimanited, but not confirmed The experiment • Control group: all variable held constant • Variable: condition subject to change • Experimental group: has varied treatment Save the World…. • Just a bit of an assignment Science and Technology: functions of society • S & T are interdependent: How? • The love and hate of technology: Helping and the consequences • Biology is a multidisciplinary adventure:(EO Wilson) that links all science • Is all knowledge linked?