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Name:________________________________________ Date: ________________ Period:__________ PANDEMIC AND MICROBES QUIZ REVIEW What is an “endemic”? Prefix “en-” means __in_______ Root “demos” means __people_________ or __population______ So, an endemic is an __illness____________ that is present in a __community____________ at all times but in ___low______ frequency What is an “epidemic”? Prefix “epi-” means __upon___________ Root “demos” means _people_____ or _population__________ So, an epidemic is when more than the __expected___________ _number___________ of cases of diseases occur in a ____community______ or ____region__________ during a period of time; when disease spreads __rapidly______ and extensively, is a _sudden___________, ____severe_______ outbreak What is a “pandemic”? Prefix “pan-” means __all__________ Root “demos” means _people_______ or __population_________ So, a pandemic is an __epidemic______________ that becomes very __widespread______________ and affects a whole region, a ___continent________________, or the __world_____________ Why do epidemiologists diseases? In order to determine the __frequency_____ and __distribution_____ of disease and __measure_________ the risks to __others_____. These are public health officials who gather information to establish the _expected_________ and __alert________ society when disease is taking an __unexpected_________ course. They also study the causal relationships between diseases. Decide if each is true or false. Put __F___a) The 1918 Spanish flu and the Black Plague are extreme examples a “T” for true and an “F” for false. of epidemics. (should be pandemics) __T___b) A pandemic doesn't necessarily mean millions of deathsit means a geographically widespread epidemic. __T___c) An influenza pandemic occurs when: A new subtype of virus arises. This means humans have little or no immunity to it; therefore, everyone is at risk. __F____d) An epidemic is usually worldwide. (a pandemic = worldwide) __F____e) There are 30 cases of the common cold found at McDougle Middle School (slightly less than last year). This would be considered an epidemic. (this would be considered nothing, especially since it is less than average) __T____f) Just like the 1918 Spanish Influenza, a pandemic can occur in waves, and all parts of the world may not be affected at the same exact time. Currently, how is the Avian Flu transmitted to humans? _Close_____ _contact_________ with __infected______________ birds is the principal source of H5N1 human infections; currently only transmits from _bird______ to ___human__________, and has not figured out how to transmit __human______ to __human_______; spread to other countries through spring ___migration_______________ patterns Give an example of an epidemic. In Haiti, there is a large outbreak of Cholera (bacterial disease that causes dehydration). After the 2010 earthquake, in little over two years, as of August 2013, it has killed at least 8,231 Haitians and hospitalized hundreds of thousands more while spreading to neighboring countries including the Dominican Republic and Cuba. Since the outbreak began in October 2010, more than 6% of Haitians have had the disease. Give an example of a pandemic. The 1918 Spanish Influenza – infected 500 million people worldwide and killed around 50 million. In Wave 2, it was extremely prevalent in North America, Africa, and Europe. Give an example of something that is not considered an epidemic or a pandemic. A single case of pneumonia was diagnosed in a community. Why are some reasons that a virus Virus particles do not _grow________ once they have formed; they do not take in any ___energy____________; viruses are able to is not a living thing? _reproduce______ only by “__taking___ _over__” a cell and using that cell to make new viruses; viruses usually contain nothing more than their _genetic______ __material____ and a protective outer _protein________ _coat________ Why do viruses need a host cell to reproduce? (E148) Viruses __cannot_______ __reproduce__________ by themselves. Viruses have to use ____materials_____ within ___living___ cells to make __copies_______ of themselves. The viral DNA uses the host cell's ___machinery______ to break down the host cell's __DNA___ and produce the parts of new viruses. Decide if the following is a characteristic of Bacteria (B), Fungi (F), or Parasite (P). __B____a) can live in a variety of places (with oxygen, without oxygen, extreme hot, extreme cold) ___F___b) are eukaryotic, nonphotosynthetic organisms, spore-producing, and most are multicellular ___P___c) an organism that feed on another individual, known as the host. They either live on or in their host’s body __B___d) reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction __F____e) can reproduce both sexually and asexually __F____f) an example of a disease caused by this microbe is athlete's foot __P____g) an example of this microbe is a tapeworm that live in the small intestine of their host and absorb nutrients directly through their skin __B____h) may help (such as decomposition) or harm (such as poisoning the body) other organisms ___F____i) causes mold to grow on bread, and, therefore, this microbe can compete with humans for nutrients (from our food sources) They ___grow______ and ______divide___________ extremely rapidly. What allow bacteria to adapt quickly to environmental changes? This causes bacterial populations to double quickly under optimal conditions. Why do you have to get a flu vaccine annually? (Instead of just once in a lifetime) Viruses are constantly changing and ___mutating__________ (meaning they can evolve). These changes can happen ___slowly_______ over time or suddenly. What is the difference between antibiotics and vaccines? Antibiotics and vaccines are both used to fight germs but they work in different ways. While __vaccines______________ are used to prevent disease, __antibiotics______________ are used to treat diseases that have already occurred. In addition, antibiotics do not work on _viral_________ illnesses such as common cold or flu. Short Answer: Explain this Antibiotic resistance is: is a worldwide public health problem that continues to grow. It occurs when strains of bacteria in the human body become resistant to antibiotics due to improper use and abuse of antibiotics. (occurs when an antibiotic has lost its ability to effectively control or kill bacterial growth) cart oon. Wh at is anti bioti c resis tanc Why is antibiotic resistance happening? The improper use and abuse of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic resistance. The most common misuse and abuse of antibiotics are: e? Why is this resistance hap peni ng? Wh y is this now a glob al concern? Physicians prescribing antibiotics for viral infections Not finishing the full dosage of the antibiotic. When an antibiotic prescription is not finished (even leaving one or two pills), it leaves some bacteria alive and "resistant" to future antibiotic treatment. Why is this now a global concern? Almost every type of bacteria has become stronger and less responsive to antibiotic treatment when it is really needed. These antibioticresistant bacteria can quickly spread to family members, schoolmates, and co-workers - threatening the community with a new strain of infectious disease that is more difficult to cure and more expensive to treat. In the first blank, tell which microbe causes these diseases (virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite). In the second blank, give a brief description of the illness. a) Blastomycosis: _fungi_______; ___caused by a fungus that lives in moist soil and people that engage in activities that expose them to wooded areas are at highest risk b) Malaria: _parasite____________; __caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans (found most typically in Sub-Saharan Africa). c) Pneumonia: __bacteria___________; __an infection of the lungs that is treated with antibiotics and ventilation (oxygen supplement) d) Common Cold: ___virus__________; ___a virus that spreads through tiny, air droplets that are released when the sick person sneezes, coughs, or blows their nose. Resources to study from: (1) “What Should We Call This?” Sheet (2) “Assessing Bird Flu” Sheet (3) Spanish Influenza 1918-1919 Packet (4) The Epidemiological Triangle packet (5) Textbook (6) Links/Resources on Teacher's Website