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When the environment needs aquaculture: "Valliculture’. Andrea Fabris Italian Fish Farmers Association Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens Extensive and semi-intensive coastal fish farms data referred to year 2012 • Fish Production about 3.500 ton (extensive + semi-intensive coastal farms) • Active farms n.158 (2008) • Permanent + non-permanent employed workers > 1.200 • Surface ~ 74.500 ha Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens Extensive and semi-intensive coastal fish farms Lagoon Large brackish areas; surface: 5,000 (Lesina) - 55,000 ha (Venice); productivity: 70-150 kg/ha Valli Coastal basins of the North Adriatic. Sector of lagoon enclosed by embankments and characterized by brackish water, low average depth 0.6 m; productivity: 30-150/kg/ha/year Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens Extensive and semi-intensive coastal fish farms Stagno - Pond Coastal basins of Sardinia. Artisanal fisheries and extensive polyculture. Sacche Brackish environments of the River Po Delta: productivity for shellfish culture: 15,000 kg/ha (Sacca di Goro) Saline Small brackish environments used for salt production in the past. Usually extensive polyculture of brackish fish Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens VALLICOLTURA “Vallicoltura” comes from the latin word “vallum” meaning “obstacle, barrier”. In fact, since ancient times, the inhabitants of the lagoons located in the upper areas of the Adriatic Sea used to surround and use such areas for farming and fishing activities. “Vallicoltura” represents a historical, ecological, environmental , social and cultural treasure, which is unique. Some fish farms arose in 1500-1600 and passed on generation after generation still nowadays Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens VALLICOLTURA The “Vallicoltura” in north Adriatic is a form of fish production that provides extensive seeding of juvenile fish species, which simulate the qualitative composition of fish communities estuarine lagoon and the Mediterranean, in man-made aquatic environments or historically confined to portions of coastal lagoons or coastal wetlands. Productive management of coastal lagoon: • Fixed fish barriers and hydraulic regulation of continental freshwater and seawater • Human interventions are maynly limited to water management to maintain environmental conditions suitable. Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens VALLICOLTURA ‘Nursery’ function performed by the lagoon environment for the fry of euryhaline species environment optimal thermal and trophic conditions to complete the initial phase of their life cycle. Ever since ancient times, man has exploited the migration of fry from the sea, which is called “montata” or “rimonta” (rise) and with the fish being caught at the time of their return to the sea during the autumn months. Evolution --> semi-intensive zones with feeding for winter Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens VALLICOLTURA Coastal lagoons, stagni and valli are components of Italy’s economic assets. The ecological vitality and sociocultural traditions of these ecosystems are currently exclusively dependent on private farms. Aquaculture is the only activity able to “farm people” in these areas Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens VALLICOLTURA: products (bio)diversity Sea Bream Sea Bass Mugilidae Other Sparids Eel Others fishes of less importance: • prawns (Penaeus kerathurus), • littoral crabs (Carcinus aestuarii), • brown shrimps (Crangon crangon), • mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), • clams (Tapes decussatus, T. semidecussatus),… Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens VALLICOLTURA: products (bio)diversity Family Species Cycle (years) Fish size(g) 1-2 150-350 3-5 M 4-7 F 100-150 M 200-500 F Anguillidae Sparus aurata Diplodus sargus D. annularis D. vulgaris Anguilla anguilla Serranidae Dicentrarchus labrax 2-3 250-400 Soleidae Solea vulgaris Solea impar Mugil cephalus 3-4 Liza saliens Liza aurata Liza ramada Chelon labrosus 3-4 3-4 3-4 4-5 700 M 1000 F 300 300 300-400 1000 Sparidae Mugilidae Main fish species reared in extensive aquaculture systems in Italy with the duration of the typical production cycle (year) and size (range in g) at harvest. Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens VALLICOLTURA Actions and Perspectives Sustain its enviromental role despite the low productivity (in terms of quantity and economic results) EMAS Certification, certification schemes. or others Disseminate Good Farming Practice adapted to extensive farming. Organic Aquaculture Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens Sustainable development of aquaculture Extensive or semi-intensive aquaculture systems can be compatible with sensitive habitats and can provide environmental benefits and services. “Multifunctional fish farms, where various other services are provided for recreation, maintenance of biodiversity and improved water management.” “The abandonment of traditional fish farms can also lead to their drying up, encroachment by scrub and trees or replacement with other land use; all of which leads to the decline of biodiversity.” Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens Sustainable development of aquaculture “Fish farms in natural areas have often adopted a Code of Best Practice and apply suitable measures for mitigate potential impacts and to contribute to the conservation of habitats and species that are present on the site.” “Suitable management of aquaculture in coastal lagoons has also proved to be beneficial to the conservation of natural areas and the species they host which should be promoted and adequately supported” Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens Aquaculture & Environmental protection Environmental Protection Natura 2000 National Parks Role of fishponds Water quality Biodiversity Restocking Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens Lagoon of Grado and Marano Lagunare High concentration - methyl-Hg in sediment High concentration in farmed fish extensive (vallicolture) (0,22mg/kg) … coming from mining activities in Slovenia Need of Comprehensive environmental analysis Solution: Use/supplement with artificial feed in autum and winter Aquaculture permanent environmental presidium Conclusions - Challenges Coastal lagoons, stagni and valli are components of Italy’s economic assets. Extensive aquaculture in coastal lagoons represents a social, cultural and economic heritage, which is profoundly linked to biodiversity and ecosystem preservation. Too many legislative restrictions (local, national, EU) interact to the daily activities and interventions in lagoons, valli, estuarine areas,... The ecological vitality and socio-cultural traditions of these ecosystems is currently exclusively dependent on private farms. Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens Conclusions - Challenges The MSFD ecosystem-based approach to the management of human activities which supports the sustainable use of marine goods and services. The overarching goal of the Directive is to achieve: ‘Good Environmental Status’ Vallicoltura is in line with Marine Strategies from very long time Sustainable Aquaculture Workshop 5th May 2014 - Athens Culture Information Eco-Tourism For further informations : [email protected] www.api-online.it