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Sustainable Aquaculture: Solving
the Range of Challenges
Prof. Colin Moffat
A Global Industry
101.1 million tonnes (live weight) of fish,
shellfish, aquatic plants and other aquatic
animals produced in 2014
Worth $166 billion or £102 billion in 2014
Takes place in fresh water, salt water and
brackish water
Dates back to 3,500 BC in China
Rich source of n-3 fatty acids
Required to fill the ‘protein gap’
Challenges
• Bacterial and
Viral disease
• Parasites
• Medicines
• Pesticide use
(inc co-culture)
• Space, coastal
locations
• Biofouling of
structures
• Escapes
• Toxins from
algae
• Climate change
Relative shares of Aquaculture and Capture
Fisheries in Production and Consumption
Comparison of 2013 – 2015 (average) with Predictions for 2025
2025: Aquaculture will provide a greater proportion of the global fish
production
2025: Aquaculture will provide a greater proportion of the global fish
available for human consumption
FAO, 2016
40 Year Production: Examples
Moffat (2016)
Aquaculture Production - Turkey
Total Aquaculture Production
(Tonnes)
rainbow trout (53% of total aquaculture production) seabass (25%), seabream (17%), sea trout (4%) and new Mediterranean species (1%).
250 000
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
2003
Seabass. A component
of Turkish aquaculture
2005
TurkStat, Accessed 16 Nov. 2016
2007
2009
Year
2011
2013
2015
Parasites and Disease
• Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and
Caligus spp.)
• Existing and emerging viral, bacterial
and parasitic diseases (Amoebic gill
disease; acute hepatopancreatic
necrosis disease of shrimp, red egg
disease)
• Impact of a changing climate?
Common Disease States and
Parasites in Selected Fish
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and other salmonids - 161
European seabass (Dicentrachus labrax) – 142
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) – 92
1Moffat
(2016); 2FAO; accessed 16 Nov.2016
Pesticides & Production: Norwegian
Atlantic Salmon
Pesticide use
Salmon production
H2O2
H2O2
Potential Solutions
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Reduce stress through changes to husbandry (e.g. clear
ponds of weeds and predators before stocking)
Improved environmental conditions
Cooperation between farms within a geographically
connected area
Marine planning – consider all human uses in an area
Bioremediation
Application of natural compounds (e.g. elatol as an
antifoulant)
Novel treatments (e.g. warm water wash)
Improve the host resistance to disease (Vaccines,
immunostimulants)
Natural predators (e.g. ballan wrasse, lumpfish, cunner,
shrimp (Lysmata amboinensis))
Hit the water running
Solving issues in aquaculture require
a multidisciplinary, international
approach
Thank you