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South America 1. General a. b. Declining local consumption has moved industry to produce wines for export markets Many changes in the past decade: i. More plantings of international varieties ii. Modernization of cellars iii. Foreign investment iv. General increase in expertise in production and marketing 2. Countries a. Bolivia i. ii. La Concepcion was the first modern winery founded in 1978 and remains the finest Best-known for Cabernet b.Chile i. General 1. 2. Spanish conquistadores were responsible for introduction of the first Vitis Vinifera vines Frenchman Claudio Gay convinced the government to set up an experimental nursery for botanical specimens in 1830 This meant that Chile had a bank of vinifera cuttings prior to Phylloxera. Fine wine tradition dates back to the middle of the 19 th Century. Wealthy Chileans were traveling to Europe and brought back many of the trappings of an affluent lifestyle. Many German and French varieties were brought over. Despite this small fine-wine development most wine in Chile was made from Pais and other lesser varieties. The push to find export markets started in the 1970’s and accelerated from the mid 1980’s when the country became more democratic. Lots of investment in the industry in general Wine consumption has dropped a. 58 litres per capita in 1950 b. 14 litres per capita in 1999 ii. Location & Climate 1. Long narrow country, No more than 120km across at it’s widest point, 5000 km of coastline on west. Andes mountains on east, Extensive desert to the north, Antarctic region to the south. Most of the wine is produced between the latitudes of 32 – 38 degrees south. Steady long ripening season. Day after day of sunshine, Nightly descent of cool air from the Andes. Summer is virtually rainless iii. Viticulture 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Chile is phylloxera free Irrigation is is essential in almost half of the vineyard areas. Ample supply of water from Andes. Drip irrigation introduced in 1990’s. Some bore holes used to access water The past approach was to train for maximum yield. Over-cropping during the 90’s led to some terminally boring winesAim now is for quality rather than quantity From 1995 to 2003 the area under vine went from 54,000 ha to 110,000 ha Harvest generally starts at the end of February iv. Main Grape Varieties 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vine identification and naming has been a problem until recently Most of what was called Sauvignon Blanc was Sauvignonasse (Tocai Friulano) Some real Sauvignon has since been planted Some of what was called Merlot was Carmenere (Grand Vidure) Pais, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc (real & imagined), Semillon, Torontel (Torrontes), Pinot Noir, Malbec v. Vinification 1. 2. 3. Major changes in the cellars since the emergence of the export-oriented economy Replacement of the old rauli (green beech) vats Stainless steel, new French oak, oak chips, inner staves vi. Regions 1. Atacama Viticultural Region a. b. c. Extremely arid environment, little quality wine produced Most grapes go to eating and Pisco production Wine Districts within… i. Copiapo Valley ii. Huasco Valley 2. Central Valley Viticultural Region a. Wine Districts within… i. Curico Valley 1. 2. 3. Just south of Santiago Home to some o the best-known brands Known for Chardonnay but good Cab, Merlot and Syrah too ii. Maipo Valley 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Most famous region, South of Santiago Hottest climate in the Central valley Essentially red wine country and traditional has been home to the best Cabernet Sauvignon terroirs Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay are the most planted varieties, Sauvignon Blanc and Merlot also grown Due to regions proximity to Santiago it houses many of the countries major companies iii. Maule Valley 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Has three times the rainfall of Santiago; Similarly dry summers Better suited to red wine production Southern-most region of the Central Valley Still loads of Pais planted for local consumption Two sub-regions a. Claro Valley b. Lontue Valley iv. Rapel Valley 1. Colchagua Valley a. b. c. 2. Cachapoal Valley a. b. c. 3. Solid Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah, Carmenere does well also Soils: Very fertile, medium depth, composed of river bed material, stones, sand and in some areas clay i. Climate: Mediterranean. Hot dry summers ( up to 32 degrees) and cool winters with moderate rainful. Vast difference between day and night average temperatures. With influence of the high Andes mountains in the East and the Pacific Ocean in some areas towards the West. Varietals: Carmenere, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay Curico Valley a. b. c. 4. Good reputation for Merlot, Carmenere and Syrah Chateau Lafite’s venture – Los Vascos winery Some good Sauvignon Blanc 210 km south of Santiago, one of major wine producing valleys and with a long history as a wine-producing region. Soils: Deep medium soils, well-drained Climate: Sub-humid Mediterranean. The seasons are very marked with winters in which there is an average rainfall of 750 mm per year. Dry summers (November – March) with average temp between 20 – 30 degrees and good luminosity. Varietals: Cabernet Sauvignon, Carmenere, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay Tenue Valley 3. Coastal Viticultural Region a. Wine Districts within… i. Aconcagua Valley 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Most northerly region Hot, dry interior cooled by evening mountain air Good red wines, Cabernet Sauvignon does particularly well , Syrah is showing some promise Errazuriz was one of the pioneer wineries in this area Home to wine Sena: joint project with Mondavi and Errazuriz Western section is cooled by Pacific breezes and is turning out to be good for white varieties especially Sauvignon Blanc ii. Casablanca Valley 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Newest and coolest area, on the coast near Valparaiso Morning fog created by the icy Humboldt current Too far from the Andes for any cooling effect or available water for irrigation Lack of available water is a limiting factor in the development of this area Spring frosts are problem Rapidly developing reputation for white wines especially Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc The current view is that good reds can be produced here also iii. Marga Marga Valley iv. San Antonio Valley 1. 2. San Antonio Valley - Leyda General: One of Chile’s smallest wine areas, which includes the now famous Leyda zone appellation. Soils: clay calcareous, low fertility, adequate permeability Climate: Its cooler coastal climate (max. 25 degrees in summer), with high 3. 4. luminosity and very little frost. Some vineyards as closes as only 4km from the sea, provides ideal conditions for cool weather varietals, with a longer ripening periods and crisper acidity. Varietals: Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Merlot, Syrah Leyda Valley a. Situated eight miles from the sea, onshore afternoon breezes reduce the temperature to an average maximum temperature of just 25ºC in the hottest month. This cool climate is perfect for chardonnay, sauvignon blanc and pinot noir. The vineyards are planted on rolling hillsides with low fertility soils of granitic origin and loamy texture, which are ideal for producing low yields of high quality grapes. 4. Coquimbo Viticultural Region a. Wine Districts within… i. Elqui Valley 1. 2. 3. The Elqui Valley is well-known as Chile´s northern most and highest wine region. It is a transversal valley, previously associated with the production of Pisco and it is now increasingly becoming an important wine zone. Recent wine Soils: Dry and arid on the border of the deserts of Atacama and the steeply rising Andes mountains. Climate: The combination of the breezes arriving from the coast, the steadily rising hills, steep mountains reaching towards the Andes produce local microclimates. hot sun-drenched days and cold nights. Late evening and early morning mists Varietals: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Carmenere, Chardonnay, Syrah, Sauvignon Blanc ii. Limari Valley 1. 2. 3. 4. Transversal valley, previously associated with the production of Pisco, it is now recognized as an important wine zone. Soils: High in minerals, low fertility. Frost-free winters. Cooling breezes from the Pacific Ocean. Climate: semi-arid, Mediterranean. Less than 100 mm rainfall per year. The influence of the Humbolt current from the nearby Pacific brings fresh cool air to the valley and morning mists to maintain mild summer temperatures. Large difference between day and night temperatures. Varietals: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Carmenere, Syrah, Chardonnay iii. Choapa Valley 5. Southern Viticultural Region a. Wine Districts within… i. Itata Valley 1. 2. 3. Situated far to to the south, this valley has a history of winemaking reaching back to colonial times. Climate: Rains mainly during the winter months with approx. 1100 mm per year. Despite being further south, the Itata valley can often be much hotter than Maipo just below Santiago. Wide temperature swings during the day and good quality sunlight encourage good grape maturation. Varietals: Moscatel of Alexandria, Pais, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Cinsaut, Carignan, Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc ii. Bio Bio Vallley 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Most southerly region Higher rainfall – up to 1,300mm per year, Lower average temperature than Maipo and Rapel Split between red and white varieties Pais was the most planted variety, second Moscatel Alejandria Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir and Gewurztraminer have been showing some promise iii. Malleco Valley 1. 2. 3. Currently Chile’s most southernmost appellation. The conditions are cold with high rainfall. Varietals: Chardonnay, Pinot Noir c. Argentina i. General 1. 5th largest wine producing country in the world. Spanish colonizers imported vinifera vines. Jesuit missionaries found that the foothills of the Andes provided the best areas for vine cultivation. Lots of Italian and Spanish immigration. Strong local consumption traditionally keep exports to a minimum. Regions are widely dispersed but most border on the foothills ii. Climate & Soils 1. 2. 3. Generally semi-desert conditions, Hot days – cold nights, Significant diurnal temperature differences Temperatures can range from 10 C at night to 40 C during the day Long dry summers and autumns 4. 5. Water for irrigation is plentiful Soils range from sandy to clay iii. Viticulture 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Most vines are un-grafted – relatively high proportion of sand in soils Some phylloxera is present and is spreading… Warm, dry summers & ample water for irrigation has led to very high yields in the past Historically sophisticated systems of irrigation through canals and ditches Drip irrigation becoming popular, High yields common iv. Grape Varieties 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Pink varieties have traditionally dominated Criollas and Cereza account for over half of total crop Used for bulk wine production Shift towards white wine drinking in the 1980’s led to more plantings of white varieties Grape Varieties White: a. Torrontes, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Ugni Blanc, Muscat b. Small amounts of: Riesling, Pinot Gris, Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc and Viognier Grape Varieties Red: a. Malbec, Bonarda, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo, Some Syrah and Pinot Noir. Several Italian varieties were imported: Sangiovese and Barbera v. Regions 1. Catamarca, Jujuy and Salta a. b. c. d. e. Some quality Pinot Noir apparently from Penaflor and Lavaque wineries Relatively small area Most of the grapes go into the production of brandy Some top-notch Torrontes produced in Cafayate Some quality Cab being made as well 2. La Rioja a. b. c. Very hot region Produces wines with high alcohol and low acidity Mostly white grapes planted, Torrontes and Moscatel 3. Mendoza a. b. c. d. e. f. Biggest and most-important area; accounts for 70% of production Continental climate with four distinct seasons Ample water from the mountains Local whites such as Criolla Grande and Cereza still abound Malbec, Tempranillo, Cabernet and Chardonnay as well Most important wine-producing areas i. Maipu Department: Cruz de Piedra, Barancas, Russell, Coquimbito, Lunlunta and Maipu districts ii. Lujan Department: Carrodilla, Chacras de Coria, Mayor Drummond, Lujan, Vistalba, Las Compuertas, Pedriel, Agrelo, Ugarteche, Carizal, Tres Esquinas, Anchoris iii. Lujan du Cuyo 4. Rio Negro and Nequn a. b. c. d. Probably the most suitable area for fine wine production One of the most southerly wine regions in the world, cool Only accounts for 10% of Argentina’s vineyard area Best so far has been Torrontes Riojano and Semillon 5. San Juan a. b. c. d. Hot region, High alcohol wines Lots of grape concentrate for export Lots of table and raisin grapes, also Cereza Best areas are Ullun, Zonda and Tulum Valleys d.Peru i. General 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Phylloxera devastated the once thriving grape growing industry Most of the grapes go into the production of Pisco Virtually no exports Planted to Alicante Bouschet, Barbera, Cab, Grenache, Malbec, Moscatel, Sauv Blanc, Torrontel Viable viticulture limited to the Ayachuco, Hunaca and Abancay valleys Tacama is the only major winery of note…and only the Malbec a reasonable wine e. Uruguay i. General 1. 2. 3. 4th largest wine industry in South America, very dedicated wine drinkers Modern era began with immigration of Basques in the late 1800’s Until the 1990’s most popular wine was a dark rosé made from Tannat and Muscat de Hamburgx` 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Recently formed INAVI (Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura)x` Hybrids being replaced by Pinot Blanc, Sauv Blanc, Chard, Cab, Cab Franc and Merlot Also planted to Riesling, Gewurz and Vidiella Planted Tannat which was originally called Harriague, brought and cultivated by Basque Primary Growing regions a. Colonia and Carmelo – in the far southwest b. Salto and Bella Union – Basalt soils similar to Chile and Argentina c. Cerro Chapeau – essentially an extension of Brazil’s Fronterra d. Carpinteria and El Carmen – showing potential f. Venezuela i. Little real production, most is Lambrusco-like or Sangria ii. Vineyards planted to Criolla, Grillo, Barbera and Malvasia g. Ecuador i. Only two major wineries Chaupi Estancia and Vina Davelos h.Brazil i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. 3rd largest producer behind Argentina and Chile Portuguese immigrants and Spanish missionaries first brought vinifera vines to Brazil in the 1500’s Modern industry was founded by Italian immigrants in the late 1800’s Vinifera plantings only represent 20% of vineyard acreage Mostly hybrids; Isabella, Concord, Catawba, Norton Also Immigrant grapes like Bonarda, Barbera and Trebbiano Modern viticulture concentrated in the extreme south state of Rio Grande do Sul 1. viii. ix. x. Best areas within: a. Serra Gaucha i. Garibaldi – Center of sparking wine production ii. Farroupilha – red wine production iii. Flores de Cunha – everyday wine b. Fronterra i. Santana do Livaramento ii. Pinheiro Machado iii. Center of vinifera production Vines also grown in San Francisco Valley in the arid north, mostly sold for table grapes Per capita consumption of wine is small Maybe they should make better wine for the local folk………….