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Parts of Speech REVIEW: Nouns: Nouns are person, place thing or idea Two categories: concrete and abstract, proper and common. How do you know if something is a noun? THE They function as subjects and objects in sentences. Pronouns are noun substitutes. They are subjects and objects in sentence There are several categories: personal, possessive, interrogative, relative, demonstrative, intensive & reflexive ANTECEDENTS: Determine the meaning of the pronoun. Will went to the party this weekend and he threw out fabulous party words. THE CHART for PERSONAL PRONOUNS SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS (if the pronoun is acting as a direct object, indirect object, or object of the preposition. I Me YOU YOU He, she, it Him, her, it We Us YOU YOU They Them Notes on Possessive pronouns - some of them function as adjectives – “her coat” “my parents” My, mine, his, its, her, hers, our, ours, their, theirs, your, yours Reflexive (to link back to), intensive (right next to for emphasis), Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Carmen hurt herself Carmen herself was not hurt Relative (they introduce subordinate clauses) Who Whom Which Whose That The copy that I read was from the library The people who live there are on vacation Demonstrative This, that, these, those This is the one I want. This seems to be my lucky day. Indefinite All, another, any, anybody, anyone, both, each, other, either, everybody, everyone, few, many, most, neither, nobody, none, no one, one, other, several, some, somebody, someone, such. All of us are here. Few of the cars were new. Interrogative pronouns: The main interrogative pronouns are: who, whom, whose, which, and what. (Whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever can also be interrogative pronouns.) Whom shall we ask? Whose did they take? Which is the greater? What is that? Now look at this question: Which feat is the greater? (This is not an interrogative pronoun. It is an interrogative adjective. The word Which modifies feat. Therefore, it's an adjective.) 1- Whenever there is a double subject or object, split them up and it is easier to determine which pronoun to use. She and (I, me) planned the party. Dad took (he, him) and (I, me) to the party. Don will call for Karen and (I, me). 2- In comparisons we usually shorten our sentences omitting one or more words. Example: We scored more runs than they (did). Phil is taller than I (am). 3- Order of courtesy. Always put others first and yourself last in a sentence. Incorrect: I and Susan went to the party. Correct: Susan and I went to the party 4- If you are using a pronoun-noun combination use the same pronouns as if you omitted the noun. Only the two of (we, us) boys got a chance to play. (We, us) girls can meet at our house. 5- After the verb “to be” and any of its forms, you always use the subject form of the pronoun. It is I I am sure it was he. 6- Pronouns of the self: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves Never: hisself, ourself, theirselves These are reflexive pronouns and are only used after the subject has already been named in the sentence. Incorrect: Myself, I don’t agree. Correct: I repaired that table myself Verbs – A verb is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement. Action verbs may or may not take an object –a noun or pronoun that completes the action by showing who or what is affected by the action. Transitive – verbs that have an object versus Intransitive verbs – verbs that express an action without objects. Examples: The catcher dropped the ball The people believed the politician The people chuckled The car screeched. 1. The judges explained the contest rules. 2. The teacher misunderstood the student. 3. The teacher misunderstood. 4. She hated her broken rusty bike. 5. Susan cried. Verbs cont. Linking Verbs link to the subject of a noun, pronoun, or adjective that describes or modifies it. The word that is linked to it is called a subject complement. The cook is the main suspect. This is she. She looks guilty Common linking verbs are forms of “to be” – am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, have been, could have been, Other common linking verbs are: appear, become, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste - some of these can be linking or action verbs depending upon the context. She looked puzzled She looked for clues. In general you can substitute “seem” to determine if it is linking.