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Backyard Invasions: Noxious Weeds in Seattle's Greenspaces Sasha Shaw King County Noxious Weed Program 206-296-0290 [email protected] Agenda Definitions Impacts of Invasives in Urban Areas Invasive Vines, Trees, Shrubs and Other Plants What Can We Do? Resources What is a Weed? a plant out of place takes water, nutrients or habitat from desired plants (subjective) threatens an area’s values or benefits Are All Weeds Bad All the Time? Lots of weedy plants are used by birds, insects and people One person’s weed can be another person’s pride and joy Native plants used to be called weeds American goldfinch lunches on bull thistle seeds and still are for some! What are Native Plants? Adapted to local climate and soils; foundation for local ecosystem Co-evolved with native animals Provide food, shelter, nesting materials for wildlife Gumweed (Grindelia integrifolia) on Puget Sound beach, native to Pacific coast from BC to California What is an Invasive Weed? Non-native, aggressively spreading Destructive Competitive Difficult to control Invasive knotweed spreading into an open forest Good Plant Bleeding Heart (Dicentra formosa) Bad Weed Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) Some invasive weeds resemble native plants Invasive weeds exploit conditions similar to their home range and don’t have natural enemies keeping them in check What is a Noxious Weed? Non-native plant that impacts agriculture, wildlife, human health, land values or natural resources Defined and regulated by state law (RCW 17.10) control required only where weed is not widespread goal of law is to prevent spread of new invaders to un-infested areas What are the Weed Classes? Class A Weeds – new invaders, control required statewide, still a chance to eradicate Class B and C Designates – control required in King County, still have a chance to stop them from getting established Non-Designates and Weeds of Concern – widespread invasive weeds in King County, control not required but definitely a good idea whenever possible! How do weeds get here? Noxious Weeds Run Amok: Orange Hawkweed: from garden store to mountain meadow Impacts of Invasive Weeds Environmental Impacts Invasives like English Ivy transform forests and natural areas, hurting trees, native plants and native wildlife species Diverse wetland habitat in the Nisqually delta provides food and shelter for many different kinds of birds and animals. Purple and garden loosestrife in Portage Bay choke out native plants and destroy wildlife habitat. Impacts to Waterways Restoration crew removes reed canary grass that had filled in a stream channel, increasing flooding and reducing fish habitat Impacts to Recreation Fragrant water lily and Eurasian watermilfoil in Lake Sammamish Impacts to Public Health Giant Hogweed - Sap sensitizes skin to UV radiation, resulting in severe burns, blisters, painful dermatitis and scarring. Impacts of Invasives in Seattle Dan DeLong/Seattle Post-Intelligencer Seattle Urban Nature Project City-wide Surveys 1999-2000 and 2005 8,000 acres of public lands in Seattle Classified habitat types throughout the city Recorded species names and percent cover Study of all forest types in Seattle Mapped density of invasives Ella Elman & Nelson Salisbury, Ecologists (206) 522-0334 www.seattleurbannature.org Invasive Plant Species Citywide Percent cover of invasive species present in Seattle's urban forests Trace (0-10%) Very High (>100%) 11% 20% High (81-100%) Low (11-30%) 9% 25% 18% 17% Moderately High (51-80%) Medium (31-50%) In 47% of Seattle’s forests, the majority of the plant cover consists of invasive species Most Prevalent Invasive Species Five most invasive species in Seattle based on 1999-2000 survey 1200 1000 Acres 800 600 400 200 0 Himlalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor) English ivy Scotch broom (Hedera helix) (Cytisus scoparius) Species English holly (Ilex aquifolium) Old man's beard (Clematis vitalba) Invasive Trees: An Overlooked Threat Seattle has 2500 acres of forested parkland 60-70% of tree regeneration in Seattle’s forests is non-native Shade tolerant species are the biggest threat: English holly and cherry laurel are the worst European species of mountain-ash, hawthorne, and cherry are found throughout Seattle’s forests If nothing is done, 30 to 40 years from now our forests will look dramatically different than they do today Tree Regeneration Native Conifer 5% Native Deciduous 24% Madrone 3% Non-Native Deciduous 40% Non-Native Evergreen 28% Conifer/madrone Forests Native Conifer 12% Native Deciduous 25% Non-Native Deciduous 8% Non-Native Evergreen 55% Conifer/deciduous Forests Case Study: Deadhorse Canyon Inventory Distribution of English holly and cherry laurel Red and orange high density Yellow moderate Green low Invasive Trees: Evergreen English holly Portugal laurel Cherry laurel English Holly (Ilex aquifolium) Tree 15 to 50 feet tall and 15 feet wide Bark smooth and gray Leaves glossy, persistent, dark green, wavy and spiny Flowers are small and white Berries are bright red or orange and found in small bundles like the flowers English Holly (Ilex aquifolium) can form thickets of large, densely packed trees in shady forests or open areas spreads by seeds eaten by birds; can establish in remote areas re-sprouts indefinitely from cut stumps so digging is best nonchemical method Holly Look Alike: Tall Oregon Grape www.PlantSystematics.org http://bellquel.bo.cnr.it/scuole/serpieri/erbario English Laurel or Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) Evergreen tree or shrub to 20 feet high Leaves leathery, glossy, 3 to 7 inches, slightly toothed Flowers white, fragrant, in elongated clusters Native to Eastern Europe, Asia Minor Common landscaping hedge English Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) Fast-growing 25 inches or more per year Fruit fleshy, black with a large pit (stone) Widely escaped in local natural areas and woodlands Highly toxic if ingested poisonous parts: wilted leaves, twigs (stems), seeds Invasive Trees: Deciduous European Mountain-ash English Hawthorne Sweet Cherry Norway Maple English Hawthorne (Crataegus monogyna) European Mountain-ash (Sorbus aucuparia) European Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium) A small to medium sized tree, generally to 50 feet, with a broadly rounded crown Leaf 2 to 5 inches long with serrated margin Flowers showy, white, one inch across Cherries sweet, dark red to nearly black, 1/2 to 1 inch across Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) Common shade tree Escaping into Seattle forests Similar to native bigleaf maple, but the leaf is not as large or deeply cut Seeds spread their wings wider and have no bristly hairs www.hort.cornell.edu Invasive vines Form dense groundcovers excluding all native plants Climb up and smother trees Add weight to tree canopies English ivy Old man’s beard Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required English or Atlantic Ivy (Hedera hibernica, H. helix) Ivy leaves are evergreen, lobed, dull green, with light veins Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required English or Atlantic Ivy (Hedera hibernica, H. helix) • mature ivy leaves are shiny green and not lobed • umbrella-like clusters of greenish-white flowers in the fall • black, berry-like fruit in winter, seeds mature in spring Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required English Ivy Ivy mats smother understory plants and tree seedlings - changing the natural succession patterns of forests. Ivy climbs trees, weighs down branches, shades leaves, damages bark Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Old Man’s Beard (Clematis vitalba) Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Old Man’s Beard or Wild Clematis Old Man’s Beard on trees in Ravenna Park Old Man’s Beard covering trees at Magnuson Park Invasive Shrubs Scotch broom Form Himalayan blackberry dense thickets excluding all native plants Establish in disturbed sites Spread by birds, wind and people Himalayan Blackberry (Rubus armeniacus or Rubus discolor) Evergreen Blackberry (Rubus laciniatus) http://www.nic.funet.fi http://www.biopix.dk Himalayan Blackberry (Rubus discolor) Good Guy Look Alike: Native Trailing Blackberry (Rubus ursinus) Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) Class C Noxious Weed – Control Scotch broom removal Not Required with weed wrenches Controlling Scotch broom with weed wrenches at Marymoor Park Cotoneaster Shrubs Thornless shrub up to 15" tall with arching branches Small leaves white-hairy underneath Little white flowers and dull red fruits Colorful fruits attractive to birds leading to easy spread and invasiveness Increasingly common in Seattle’s forests Invasive Perennials and Groundcovers Fast-growing invasives push out native wildflowers and groundcover species Tall perennials out-compete even shrubs and small trees especially on streams Often escapees from gardens or spreading from yard waste dumps Class A Noxious Weed Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) Class A Noxious Weed Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) Hogweed burns are often painful and slow to recover Cutting the large, fleshy stems may spray sap on exposed skin Hogweed scars remain sensitive to sunlight for several years Class A Noxious Weed Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) Hogweed leaves are large and deeply dissected, stems are hairy with purple blotches Class A Noxious Weed Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Class A Noxious Weed Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Dense infestation along Longfellow Creek Growing on a stump in the forests of Golden Gardens Park Class A Noxious Weed Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Class B Noxious Weed Policeman’s Helmet (Impatiens glandulifera) Annual with fleshy, reddish stems, 3-10 ft tall, flowers resemble English policeman’s helmet, vary in color from white to dark pink-purple Class B Noxious Weed Policeman’s Helmet (Impatiens glandulifera) Policeman’s helmet spreads along creeks and out-competes and crowds out other plants Can grow to 10 feet tall in one season Policeman’s Helmet (Impatiens glandulifera) Class B Noxious Weed Policeman’s Helmet (Impatiens glandulifera) Class B Noxious Weed Class B Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Knotweeds (Polygonum spp.) Class B Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Typical stand of Bohemian knotweed with stiffly upright male flower clusters Class B Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Knotweed Invasion on Rivers Knotweed rapidly spreads along rivers as fragments get moved by floods and grow into new clones downriver Despite knotweed’s large rhizome mass, it provides poor erosion control Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Herb Robert (a.k.a. Stinky Bob) Herb Robert (a.k.a. Stinky Bob) (Geranium robertianum) Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Shallow roots make this plant easy to pull but seeds germinate all season so repeat visits to the same location are needed. Proposed Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Yellow Archangel Lamiastrum galeobdolon (a.k.a. Lamium) Small yellow mint-type flowers in leaf axils Slivery markings on leaves of this popular garden plant make it easy to spot invading into shady forests Proposed Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Yellow Archangel (Lamiastrum galeobdolon) Yellow archangel spread aggressively into this Kirkland-area forest Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum) Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum) Aquatic Weeds Choke out native water plants Reduce fish and wildlife habitat value of streams and lakes Endanger swimmers and boaters Highly costly to manage once established and almost impossible to eradicate Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Class C Noxious Weed – Control Not Required Fragrant Waterlily (Nymphaea odorata) Showy flower and notched leaves Infestation on Cottage Lake Class B Noxious Weed Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Class B Noxious Weed Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Garden Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) Class B Noxious Weed Sepals have distinct orange margins Yellow, primrose-like flowers clustered near top of the plant Class B Noxious Weed Garden Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) Class C Noxious Weed – County-select Common Reed (Phragmites australis) •Large perennial grass •Freshwater or brackish water •Can grow to 12 feet tall •Leaf sheath loose •Reproduction mostly by rhizomes Tall feathery flower head Class C Noxious Weed – County-select Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Creeping rhizomes and stolons help this plant spread along waterways and form large clones Eek! What Can We Do? First, Start at Home Learn to recognize & eliminate noxious weeds before they establish Choose non-invasive species for landscapes & gardens Control seed production at a minimum Replant with appropriate species Dispose of noxious weeds properly Check vehicles, clothing and equipment Control Methods for Noxious Weeds Management Manual Mechanical Chemical Biological Control Chart by Minnesota Sea-Grant Manual Control •Pull seedlings and young plants when small, before root systems fully develop •Remove as much of the root as possible •Limit disturbance and be sure to follow-up Digging purple loosestrife Pulling and bagging tansy ragwort Manual control of Scotch broom Mechanical Control •Useful to reduce size, seed production and to starve roots, especially when plants cover large areas •Weeds will resprout after mowing and can be spread on equipment if not careful •Best results when combined with manual control Himalayan Blackberry can be mowed to remove brambles Chemical Control Safety: •Use with caution, protect skin and eyes •Always follow the directions on the label •Prevent drift into water, other plants, etc Applications: •Spot treatments, target the weed and avoid injury to desirable plants •Incorporate other treatment methods •Choose the least harmful herbicide that is appropriate for the weed and the site Sheet Mulching Mulching Suppresses weeds & improves soil Techniques Bark, compost, newspaper, cardboard Geotextile fabric Plastic Finally, Disposal and Follow up Disposal Remove flowers & seeds – bag and send to landfill or burn Composting – use for common invasives, not for noxious weeds On-site composting vs. clean green yard waste Monitor The second and third year are crucial for effective weed control Next Step, Become a Weed Warrior Watch for new plant invaders Volunteer at invasive removal work parties and stewardship events Organize your friends, co-workers, and neighbors to “adopt” a park or natural area Spread the word on neighborhood bullies! Local Contacts for Volunteering King County Parks and Open Space Watershed Stewardship Directory Contact: Peter Noonan, (206)233-5019 Seattle Parks groups and agencies helping to preserve and restore King County's watersheds http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/wsdir/index.cfm Seattle Urban Forests Volunteer Coordinator: Tina Miller, 206-296-2990 Calendar: http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/pi/calendar.htm http://www.seattle.gov/parks/volunteers/index.htm Seattle Creeks Contact: Bob Spencer, (206) 684-4163 Seattle Urban Nature Newsletter Sign up for newsletter at: www.seattleurbannature.org It is a free, quarterly publication sent out by e-mail only. Each issue features information about SUN research in Seattle’s forests and our current community projects. King County Noxious Weed Program 6 year-round staff and 8 seasonal weed specialists Goal is to prevent and reduce the economic, environmental and social impacts of noxious weeds Weed surveys, education and outreach, landowner contact, site specific control options King County Noxious Weed Program Staff Program Manager: Steve Burke Education Coordinator: Sasha Shaw Admin Specialist: Suzanne Rowe State Lands Coordinator: Sean MacDougall County Lands Coordinator: Roy Brunskill Aquatic Weed Specialist: Katie Messick Seasonal Weed Specialists: Amy Yahnke, Dennis Chambreau, Trish MacLaren, Sarah Baker, Monica Walker, Karen Peterson, Maria Winkler, Frances Lucero Contact us at 206-296-0290 or [email protected] King County Noxious Weed Control Program Website http://dnr.metrokc.gov/weeds Weed Photo Page: Search by Common Name or Latin Name Click thumbnail picture of plant Sasha Shaw King County Noxious Weed Program 201 South Jackson St, Suite 600 Seattle, WA 98104 206-263-6468 [email protected] www.dnr.metrokc.gov/weeds