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Chapter 10-1 Notes: Building a National Identity - Era of Good Feelings saw Republicans take control of the government o James Monroe easily won two terms in office and sought to build national unity o Government became more involved in helping the economy, including: building better roads and canals for trade, supporting high tariffs to protect American industry o Capitalism – economic system in which privately owned business compete in a free market o Interstate commerce – trade between two or more states Chapter 10-2 Notes: Dealing with Other Nations - Spain’s control over parts of north and south America was weakening o Was forced to cede, or give up, Florida to the United States in 1819 because it could not protect it o 1810: Mexico began revolting and freeing areas from Spanish rule, led by Miguel Hidalgo; 2nd revolution occurred in 1820 that resulted in Mexico’s independence by 1821 By 1825, most of Latin America was independent of European rule - France and Russia claimed they would help Spain recapture the newly independent countries in North and South America, worrying President Monroe o 1823: Monroe issued a statement saying the United States would not allow European nations to create American colonies or interfere with the free nations of Latin America – known as the Monroe Doctrine - 1837, Canadians led rebellions against British rule, but were kept under British control o Britain gave Canada the power of self-government – the right of people to rule themselves independently o American relations with Canada were tense after the War of 1812, but steadily grew stronger Chapter 10-3 Notes: The Age of Jackson - Election of 1824: Andrew Jackson ran for president against John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and William Crawford o Jackson won popular vote and had most electoral votes, but not a majority o Election would be decided in the House – choice between Jackson and Adams Henry Clay was Speaker of the House and told people to vote for Adams, who won the election Adams made Clay his Secretary of State in a “corrupt bargain” - New Era in politics: suffrage – the right to vote – became available to almost all adult white men (women and blacks still could not vote) o supporters of Andrew Jackson believed ordinary people should vote, hold office, and do anything else they had the ability to do – opposed special privileges for wealthy o Republican party split during 1824 election: National Republicans and Democrats; Republicans disappeared altogether, leaving Democrats and Whigs o Election of 1828 – victory for Jackson – 3X the vote of the previous year A victory for the “common man” Jackson gave his supporters government jobs: spoils system – rewarding government jobs to loyal supporters of the party that wins election Chapter 10-4 Notes: Indian Removal - in 1828, more than 100,000 Native Americans lived east of the Mississippi River; Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek, Seminoles o Cherokee had a government based on a written constitution, claiming they were a separate nation o To many Americans, Native Americans were an obstacle to westward expansion Government made treaties with Natives asking many groups to leave voluntarily – most did not leave 1825 & 1827, Georgia passed laws forcing Natives to give up their lands o Some support existed for Natives in Georgia and two lawsuits were filed to prevent their removal, but Andrew Jackson was putting the Indian Removal Act of 1830 into effect Forced Indians to move west of the Mississippi in exchange for their lands to the east (Indian Territory in Oklahoma) Between 1831 and 1833, the Choctaws moved west along the “Trail of Tears” Government did not provide enough tents, food, blankets, shoes, winter clothes or other supplies Cherokee removal: 1838-39, 7,000 soldiers guarded the removal of Cherokee from lands in Georgia Forced to march hundreds of miles with few supplies Of 15,000 Cherokee, 4,000 died along the way Chapter 10-5 Notes: States’ Rights and the Economy - 1828, Congress passed a tariff that helped northern manufacturers that southerners disagreed with o (history repeating itself) southern states argued they had the right of nullification – an action by a state that cancels a federal law within the state if the Federal government could enforce what the state considers an unjust law, could it use its power to end slavery? o President Jackson: “Our Federal Union – It must be preserved” Calhoun: “The Union – next to our liberty, the most dear.” – states’ rights are more important than the Union o 1832: South Carolina voted to nullify the tariffs, saying if they were forced to impose the tariffs, South Carolina would secede Jackson put federal troops in South Carolina, “disunion by armed force is treason.”