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Revised
End
Start
B1: You and Your Genes
(Higher)
Variation is the differences in characteristics between
individuals.
Characteristics may be affected by genes, the environment
or both together.
Most characteristics are affected by several genes working
together e.g. height.
Some characteristics e.g. tongue-rolling and disorders e.g.
cystic fibrosis, are controlled by a single gene.
Genes are instructions for making proteins, found on
chromosomes in the nuclei of cells.
Chromosomes (and genes) come in pairs. One chromosome is
inherited from the mother and the other from the father.
Sex cells (egg and sperm) carry one chromosome from each
pair.
Sex chromosomes of a woman are XX.
Sex chromosomes of a man are XY.
A gene on the Y chromosome tells the embryo to develop
into a male.
Each chromosome in a pair carries the same genes in the
same place.
Alleles are different versions of a gene and may be dominant
or recessive.
Children look like their parents because they inherit half
their genes from each parent.
Brothers and sisters look similar, but are not identical,
because they inherit a different combination of genes from
their parents.
Interpret the inheritance of characteristics controlled by a
single gene, using family trees and genetic cross diagrams.
Carriers have one copy of a recessive allele and can pass it
on to their children.
Symptoms and inheritance of cystic fibrosis, a genetic
disorder caused by a single, recessive allele.
Symptoms and inheritance of Huntington’s disorder, a
genetic disorder caused by a single, dominant allele.
Adults, foetuses and embryos can be tested for the
presence of certain alleles.
Implications of genetic testing for individuals.
Implications of the use of genetic information by other
organisations e.g. genetic screening programmes, employers
and insurers.
Stages in embryo selection (pre-implantation genetic
diagnosis or PGD).
Gene therapy can be used to treat some genetic disorders
by inserting a normal allele into cells of the patient.
Clones are genetically identical organisms. Differences
between clones are due to the environment.
Some organisms use asexual reproduction to produce
offspring that are clones of the parent.
Animal clones can be produced naturally, when cells of an
embryo separate (identical twins), or artificially.
Artificial animal cloning involves the transfer of a nucleus
from an adult body cell into an unfertilised egg cell, which
has had its own nucleus removed.
Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can develop into
different cell types. In the future, stem cells may be used
to treat certain degenerative diseases.
Therapeutic cloning involves treating a patient with stem
cells taken from an embryo clone of the patient.
Cells in a multi-cellular organism become specialised early in
development.
Revised
End
Start
B1: You and Your Genes
(Foundation)
Variation is the differences in characteristics between
individuals.
Characteristics may be affected by genes, the environment
or both together.
Most characteristics are affected by several genes working
together e.g. height.
Some characteristics e.g. tongue-rolling and disorders e.g.
cystic fibrosis, are controlled by a single gene.
Genes are instructions for making proteins, found on
chromosomes in the nuclei of cells.
Chromosomes (and genes) come in pairs. One chromosome is
inherited from the mother and the other from the father.
Sex cells (egg and sperm) carry one chromosome from each
pair.
Sex chromosomes of a woman are XX.
Sex chromosomes of a man are XY.
Each chromosome in a pair carries the same genes in the
same place.
Alleles are different versions of a gene and may be dominant
or recessive.
Children look like their parents because they inherit half
their genes from each parent.
Brothers and sisters look similar, but are not identical,
because they inherit a different combination of genes from
their parents.
Interpret the inheritance of characteristics controlled by a
single gene, using family trees and genetic cross diagrams.
Revised
End
Start
Carriers have one copy of a recessive allele and can pass it
on to their children.
Symptoms and inheritance of cystic fibrosis, a genetic
disorder caused by a single, recessive allele.
Symptoms and inheritance of Huntington’s disorder, a
genetic disorder caused by a single, dominant allele.
Adults, foetuses and embryos can be tested for the
presence of certain alleles.
Implications of genetic testing for individuals.
Stages in embryo selection.
Gene therapy can be used to treat some genetic disorders
by inserting a normal allele into cells of the patient.
Clones are genetically identical organisms. Differences
between clones are due to the environment.
Some organisms use asexual reproduction to produce
offspring that are clones of the parent.
Animal clones can be produced naturally, when cells of an
embryo separate (identical twins), or artificially.
Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can develop into
different cell types. In the future, stem cells may be used
to treat certain degenerative diseases.
Therapeutic cloning involves treating a patient with stem
cells taken from an embryo clone of the patient.
Cells in a multi-cellular organism become specialised early in
development.
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