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Informational/Persuasive Terms Figurative Language Allusion—A reference to someone or something that is generally known from history, literature, religion, politics… Metaphor—A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without the use of specific words of comparison (ex. Like, as, resembles, such as…) Imagery—The use of language using the senses to create a concrete image in the readers’/listeners’ mind Simile—A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things with the use of specific words of comparison (ex. Like, as, resembles, such as…) Persuasive Techniques Appeal to Reason—Calling on a reader’s ability to think in a logical way in order to cause a change in his or her thoughts Appeal to Emotion—Building an argument using imagery or other expressive devices instead of presenting evidence Appeal to Authority—Using experts to give validity to an argument Anecdote—A brief personal story told to illustrate a point or serve as an example (Crisis) Charged Words/ Loaded Words—Words that illicit emotional responses Rhetorical Question—A question asked for an effect, not actually requiring an answer Call to Action—What the speaker/writer wants the audience to do as a result of the speech/text Peroration—A line of speech that is meant to be memorable, typically the line that seems to truly embody the speech or the speaker. Ex.: “Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country” JFK Counterarguments/Refutations—A point or statement in opposition to the argument being made Parallelism—The repetition of words or phrases that are similar and have similar grammatical structures. Creating Purpose/Audience Organizational Patterns: Sequence—chronological order Cause/Effect—Description of causes and then consequences Problem/Solution—Outcomes are a result or solution of a need or problem Compare/Contrast—Description of similarities and/or differences in two or more things Repetition of Ideas—Starts with a single idea and builds on it Syntax—Sentence construction Diction—Author’s word choice Implicit—To be assumed but not directly expressed Explicit—Fully or clearly expressed, definite Scope—The extent of the author’s treatment of a subject Fallacies of Thinking Propaganda—The spreading of ideas or rumors for personal purpose that can either benefit or harm Transfer—The product is associated with something attractive or respectable Glittering Generalization—Takes in everything and everyone at once allowing no exceptions. Ex.: All and Everyone Bait & Switch—An attraction of a low priced item, which is switched for a high priced item Bias—A personal and sometimes unreasoned judgment Bandwagon—Following the crowd Stereotyping—An oversimplified opinion, prejudiced attitude or judgment founded without evidence Testimonial—Using quotations, endorsements, or ideas from famous people to support a cause Types Consumer documents—Warranties, product information designed to help with daily tasks Work place documents—Job related non-fiction materials such as memoranda, meeting minutes, and travel schedules Speeches Editorials—An opinionated response to an issue that is debatable