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Transcript
Concept Explanation/Definition/ Importance 4.1-4.6: Westward Expansion Treaty of Allowed American expansion Greenville – 1795 into the Ohio River Valley (NW Territory) Jay’s Treaty – Secured the U.S. border with 1794 Canada Pinckney’s Treaty – 1795 Settled border and trade disputes with Spain, allowed the U.S. to trade on the lower Mississippi River through New Orleans Louisiana Doubled the size of the Purchase – 1803 United States; bought from France Convention of 1818 Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel as far as the Rocky Mountains Adams-Onis The U.S. received East Treaty – 1819 Florida from Spain Mountain Men Came west for adventure and opportunity, opened trails to settlers Mormons Came west to escape religious persecution due to polygamy; settled Utah Santa Fe Trail Trail from Missouri that was mainly used for trading; high profits Oregon Trail Led settlers to Oregon Territory; harsh conditions; land won from Great Britain due to many Americans there Texas Colony of Mexico begun by Stephen Austin; friction with Mexicans: different culture, attitudes toward slavery Texas War for American unrest led to Independence attempt to gain independence from Mexico The Alamo Battle that gave rebels time to gather army; Santa Anna won Battle of San Santa Anna defeated and Jacinto forced to give Texas its Illustrations or ? Annexation of Texas Rio Grande Debate over War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican Cession Manifest Destiny 4.7 The South The South: economy Cotton Cotton Gin Environment Planters Yeomen Poor whites Free African Americans in the South independence Caused friction with Mexico which did not accept that Texas was no longer Mexican U.S. claimed the border was here; Mexico disagreed; fighting broke out after U.S. occupied disputed area Some Americans opposed it; others said it would fulfill our Manifest Destiny Ended the war with Mexico after Mexican defeat Land ceded (given) to the U.S. by Mexico: CA,NV,UT,AZ,NM, parts of CO,WY for $15 million Widely-held belief that it was the destiny of the U.S. to fill the North American continent Based on agriculture; little industry or business Became profitable, widely grown due to demand created by the Industrial Revolution Invention of Eli Whitney, allowed cotton to be deseeded quickly; demand for cotton increased, so did demand for slavery Cotton belt: southernmost states, hot summers, humid; good for growing cotton Wealthy owners of large cotton plantations; owned slaves Owned small farms; few or no slaves; proud of work Owned no land or poor land; odd jobs; hunting, fishing 250,000; suffered extreme discrimination; laws passed limiting their rights: could not vote, travel, hold certain jobs Slavery Slave culture Nat Turner Slave Codes Underground Railroad 4.8-4.12: The North Industrial Revolution Transportation Revolution Immigration Free African Americans American Culture 4.13-4.16: Reform Movements American Education Harsh conditions on plantations which depended on slaves’ labor; produced rebellions Centered on family, community, and religion; music and storytelling remained from Africa Most famous and largest slave rebellion Harsh laws passed as result of rebellion, such as not allowing slaves to learn to read or write Secret routes for slaves to escape to freedom in the North or Canada Use of machines for manufacturing led to rapid growth of factories, cities, mining, and caused pollution and deforestation Rapid growth in the speed of travel due to transportation changes: trains, steam boats Immigrants came because of famine (Ireland), religious persecution, political unrest, economic problems Founded churches and schools to advance their lives; experienced discrimination; involved in the abolitionist movement Expressed through art, music and literature; new use of American themes; famous authors Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper Chapter 13 Horace Mann: campaign for free public education, longer school year, trained teachers Common School Page 396 Movement: all students in same school regardless of social status Abolition Movement to end slavery William Lloyd Published anti-slavery Garrison newspaper, The Liberator; wanted immediate emancipation, full rights Frederick Escaped slave, published The Douglass North Star; famous orator Harriet Tubman Escaped slave, famous conductor on the Underground Railroad Women’s Suffrage Fight to win rights for Movement women, especially suffrage (the right to vote) Elizabeth Cady Woman suffrage leader, Stanton organizer of Seneca Falls Convention Lucretia Mott Woman suffrage leader, organizer of Seneca Falls Convention Susan B. Anthony Social reformer, active in women’s suffrage, temperance, and abolition Sojourner Truth Former slave, spoke in favor of abolition and woman suffrage Seneca Falls 1848 – first public meeting Convention concerning women’s rights; Declaration of Document produced at Sentiments Seneca Falls; modeled on Declaration of Independence, it detailed the wrongs committed by men against women Transcendentalism Theme in American society; belief that people could rise above the material things in life Individualism Belief that individuals should depend on themselves and their insights, not on outside authorities Ralph Waldo Popular writer who argued Emerson that Americans should disregard institutions and follow their own beliefs Henry David Thoreau 5.1-5.2 Civil War Early State Constitutions Northwest Ordinance States Rights Doctine Missouri Compromise Wilmot Proviso Compromise of 1850 Webster/Calhoun Kansas-Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas John Brown Dred Scott Decision Lincoln’s House Divided speech Lincoln-Douglas Transcendentalist, wrote Civil Disobedience Abolished slavery in the Northeast Abolished slavery in the new states north of the Ohio River Said states have the right to nullify laws they believe to be unconstitutional, and that states can secede rather than be forced to obey such laws Created a balance between slave and free states A proposal to outlaw slavery in the states created from the Mexican Cession 1. CA enters as a free state 2. Popular sovereignty in the rest of the Mexican Cession to decide about slavery 3. Slave trade (but not slavery) ends in D.C. 4. Harsher fugitive slave law passed Debated in Congress Webster (North): preserve the Union at all costs Calhoun (South): South must be allowed to secede These territories would be allowed to decide about slavery through popular sovereignty Pro- and anti-slavery supporters use violence Kills pro-slavery supporters in Pottawatomie, Kansas Supreme Court rules that Blacks cannot be citizens and Congress cannot outlaw slavery anywhere Highlights the fact that slavery is a critical issue Series of debates that gained Debates Uncle Tom’s Cabin Northern (Free) States Southern (Slave) States Border States Election of 1860 Secession Important Battles Lives of Soldiers Technology 5.3 Leaders of the Civil War Jefferson Davis Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson fame for Lincoln and showed his views on slavery Anti-slavery novel, increased anger against slavery in the North Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Oregon, California Virginia, North & South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware (Slave, but remained in the Union) Won by Lincoln, causing some Southern states to secede (leave the U.S.) 7 states secede and form the Confederate States of America Fort Sumter, First Battle of Bull Run, Second Battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Appomattox African Americans became soldiers; Lincoln faced opposition to the war; soldiers and civilians faced great difficulties Changed warfare; rifled muskets, Napoleon cannon; severe injuries and many deaths President of the Confederacy Union general, leader of the North’s Union army Confederate general, leader of the South’s army Confederate general 5.4 Lincoln Inaugural Address Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Address Inaugural Address (Second) 5.5 Reconstruction Ten Percent Plan Wade-Davis Bill Lincoln’s Assassination Andrew Johnson Radical Republicans Black Codes Freedman’s Bureau Ku Klux Klan Reconstruction Acts 13th Amendment Told the nation he would try to bring the South back peacefully; would not start a war; would not allow slavery to spread Declared slaves in the Confederacy free; turned Europe against the South; African Americans now could fight in the Union army Dedicated a cemetery; told the nation that the purpose of the war was to save our democratic government Told the nation it was time to heal our wounds and treat the South with charity Lincoln’s plan to readmit states into the Union Plan created by Republican Congressmen; it was stricter than Lincoln’s plan Ended possibility of his plan being carried out New president, he disagreed with Radical Republicans and was impeached Believed the federal government would need to force the South to change Laws passed in southern states that limited the freedom and rights of African Americans 1865, established by Congress to help individuals by providing medical services and establishing schools hate group that used terror and violence to deny rights 1867-68, put southern states under U.S. military control; required new state constitutions Abolished slavery 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Jim Crow Laws 6.1 Expansion West Transcontinental Railroad Homestead Act Mechanical Reaper Cattle Industry Effect on Native Americans 6.2 Native Americans Treaties Buffalo Soldiers Battle of Little Bighorn Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce Wounded Knee 6.3 Urbanization and Immigration New Immigrants Defined citizenship, equal protection under the law Protected voting rights Enforced segregation, creating near-slavery conditions Allowed increased development and trade in the West; Leland Stanford was a main financier; Chinese, Irish, and army veteran laborers Government sold western land cheaply to settlers Cyrus McCormick’s invention allowed for the production of large crops in the Midwest Also caused western growth Loss of hunting grounds, buffalo; loss of land Used to take Indian land and force them onto reservations African American veterans who were used to fight Indians who resisted removal Sioux forces led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeated Custer and U.S. Army troops Led his people to Canada but were caught and sent to Oklahoma Massacre of Sioux in South Dakota near Wounded Knee Creek; last major battle Mostly from southern and eastern Europe; arriving after the 1880’s Contributions to Immigrants were laborers, Cities and Economy allowing cities and the economy to grow Assimilation Industrialization Wealth, Economic Opportunity Nativism 6.4 Leading Industrialists Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller Trusts and Monopolies Gilded Age Sherman AntiTrust Act Philanthropists Benevolent societies and settlement houses helped the newcomers learn English, find jobs, etc. Caused rapid growth of cities, many problems; some were solved with new technology like mass transit Corporations generated wealth for a few; many jobs were created but paid poorly Chinese Exclusion Act: Banned Chinese immigration Huge steel mills Controlled most oil production; Standard Oil Used by large businesses to gain complete control and eliminate competition Last 25 years of the 1800’s, refers to the huge gap between the rich and poor Law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained competition Wealthy people who gave money to the poor 6.5 Labor Movement Working Conditions Deteriorated as industry grew; dangerous, difficult; low wages Child Labor Legal until reformers passed laws against it in the early 1900’s Laissez-Faire Government let big business alone and did not require protection of workers Collective All workers act together to Bargaining get management to improve wages and conditions Strikes, Protests 1. Haymarket Riot: protest against killing of two strikers in a fight with police Samuel Gompers 6.6 Grangerism and Populism 6.7 Inventions Thomas Edison Alexander Graham Bell Orville and Wilbur Wright 2. Homestead Strike: protest against a plan at Carnegie’s steel mill to cut jobs 3. Pullman Strike: stopped traffic on railroads; workers ordered back to work by federal courts Led the American Federation of Labor, an early group of labor unions no questions Many inventions that improved life; perfected the light bulb and built a power plant for New York City Invented the telephone, better communication Air flight pioneers; changed transportation