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1 The stage of development characterized by a hollow ball of cells is the a) zygote (b) blastula (c) gastrula (d) embryo (e) germ stage 2 Animals which do NOT move are referred to as a) sponges (b) simple (c) motile (d) asymmetrical (e) sessile 3 An animal is best described as an organism that a) is multicellular, heterotrophic, and usually motile (b) is eukaryotic, is either a vertebrate or an invertebrate, and feeds on other organisms (c) does not photosynthesize, and does not have roots, stems, or leaves (d) reproduces sexually or asexually and feeds on other organisms e) is multicellular, asexual, and heterotrophic 4 The first cell divisions during animal development are called a) divisions (b) meiotic (c) mitotic (d) cleavages (e) gastrulation 5 can reproduce sexually but cannot. a) sponges, cnidarians (b) cnidarians, sponges d) sponges, worms (e) none of the above (c) complex animals, simple animals Use the following key to state from which germ layer each of the following tissues arises: a) ectoderm (b) mesoderm (c) endoderm 6 digestive tract skin 8 feathers 9 circulatory system 10 nervous system 7 11 The innermost germ layer is the a) ectoderm (b) mesoderm (c) endoderm (d) peritoneum (e) none of the above 12 The process by which the ball of cells in the developing animal folds inward is known as a) blastulation (b) gastrulation (c) mitosis (d) cleavage (e) division 13 The stage of development when all germ layers are present is known as the a) blastula (b) zygote (c) endoderm (d) gastrula (e) embryo 14 The type of symmetry associated with cephalization is a) spherical (b) radial (c) lateral (d) bilateral (e) all of the above 15 An important behavioural difference between radially and bilaterally symmetric animals is a) cephalization (b) how food is obtained (c) reproduction (d) direction of movement e) all of the above 16 A fluid filled cavity surrounded by mesoderm found in some animals is known as the a) pore (b) peritoneum (c) coelom (d) acoelom (e) sinus Use the following key to identify the symmetry of each of the following animals: a) spherical symmetry (b) radial symmetry (c) bilateral symmetry (d) asymmetrical 17 18 sponge starfish 19 jellyfish planaria 21 humans 20 Use the following key to identify the part of the animal referred to: a) dorsal (b) ventral (c) anterior (d) posterior (e) proximal 22 head region 23 stomach 24 back 25 tail 26 near the body 27 The peritoneum is a tissue layer which a) lines the body cavity (b) provides support for internal organs d) keeps internal organs in place (e) all of the above (c) covers internal organs 28 A pseudocoelomate is an animal which has a) a body cavity lined with a peritoneum (b) a body cavity partially surrounded by mesoderm c) a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm (d) no body cavity (e) none of the above 29 A major difference between the polyp and medusa is that the a) polyp is motile, the medusa is not (b) polyp mouth faces up, the medusa’s faces down c) medusa has true tissue but the polyp does not (d) medusa has stinging tentacles, the polyp does not e) medusa has symmetry, the polyp does not Use the key below to classify the following animals: a) Porifera (b) Cnidaria (c) Platyhelminthes (d) Annelida (e) Mollusca 30 earthworm hydra 32 snail 33 clam 34 planaria 35 sponge 36 jellyfish 37 squid 38 tapeworm 31 39 The is an example of a medusa body form while the a) jellyfish, sponge (b) sponge, hydra (c) jellyfish, hydra jellyfish is an example of a polyp body form. (d) jellyfish, starfish (e) hydra, 40 Which of the following could NOT be used to describe a medusa? a) motile (b) stinging (c) bell shaped (d) tentacles (e) sessile as adult 41 Organisms which are hermaphrodites a) reproduce only sexually (b) reproduce only asexually (c) have fertilization outside the body d) are simple organisms (e) produce male and female gametes 42 The most important development the cnidarians have made over the poriferans is a) movement (b) eye spots (c) one-way digestive system (d) circulatory system (e) simple tissue 43 Like sponges, the jellyfish lacks a) ectoderm (b) specialized cells (c) symmetry (d) controlled movement (e) an obvious head 44 The specialized stinging structures of the hydra and jellyfish are called a) nematocysts (b) stingers (c) spicules (d) setae (e) nephridia 45 Which of the following is NOT a development of the flatworm over simpler phyla? a) three germ layers (b) true organs (c) bilateral symmetry (d) one-way digestive tract e) these are all developments 46 Flatworms accomplish gas exchange by using a) a coelom (b) diffusion (c) a simple heart (d) an open circulatory system (e) none of these 47 The development in the digestive system of the planaria is a) the intestine (b) having an endoderm (c) a developed mesoderm branching (d) it is one-way (e) 48 Which of the following is NOT a development of the planarian nervous system over simpler phyla? a) a head region (b) primitive eyespots (c) branching nerves (d) response to touch e) response to light 49 Which of the following shows cephalization? a) earthworm (b) flatworm (c) roundworm (d) all of the above (e) none of the above 50 While enjoying a day at the beach, you discover a new species of marine flatworm. Which of the following would it lack? a) nervous system (b) circulatory system (c) digestive system (d) cephalization (e) mesoderm 51 Later that day you notice another new worm which is cigar-shaped and smooth. To satisfy your irrepressible curiosity, you want to classify it immediately. In which phylum would you place it? a) Platyhelminthes (b) Nematoda (c) Annelida (d) Oligochaeta (e) Porifera 52 Which of the following distinguishes roundworm digestion from that of a flatworm? a) a pharynx (b) a mouth (c) a gut (d) an anus (e) coelom 53 Which of the following best describes the body cavity in a nematode? a) acoelom (b) pseudocoelom (c) coelom (d) a gut (e) none of the above 54 The body cavity of the earthworm is called a a) coelom (b) gut (c) gastrovascular cavity (d) peritoneum (e) none of the above 55 Animals which are made of repeating, similar body units are called a) segmented (b) simple (c) coelomates (d) annelids (e) none of the above 56 Earthworms are able to grow much larger than roundworms because they have a) a body cavity (b) blood (c) the ability to get oxygen by diffusion (d) a nervous system e) a one-way digestive system 57 In the earthworm, the function of the nephridia is to a) excrete undigested food from the body (b) absorb water (c) detect light (d) distribute digested material throughout the body (e) eliminate wastes from the blood 58 Most mollusks transport gases and food molecules by way of a) an open circulatory system (b) a closed circulatory system digestive system (e) all of the above (c) diffusion (d) a branching 59 A major development seen in the terrestrial snail is the a) shell (b) lung (c) muscular foot (d) simple brain (e) closed circulatory system 60 Bivalves are limited in their movement mostly because they have a) only one foot (b) a foot adapted for digging (c) a simple nervous system circulatory system (e) a heavy shell (d) a closed 61 Which of the following mollusk characteristics is an adaptation for catching prey? a) gills that produce mucus (b) closed circulatory system (c) one-way digestive tract d) cephalization (e) all of the above 62 Which of the following is NOT a development seen in all cephalopods? a) development of the foot into tentacles (b) no external shell (c) highly developed nervous system d) closed circulatory system (e) cephalization 63 The mollusk class which shows no clear cephalization is the a) gastropoda (b) bivalvia (c) cephalopoda (d) all mollusks show cephalization e) no mollusk class shows cephalization 64 Arthropods have to molt because they have a) an endoskeleton (b) an exoskeleton (c) jointed appendages e) cephalization (d) a segmented body 65 The structure which removes wastes from the blood of a spider is the a) nephron (b) kidney (c) spiracle (d) nephridium (e) Malpighian tubule 66 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of arthropods? a) exoskeleton (b) molting (c) well developed nervous system e) cephalization (d) closed circulatory system 67 The presence of jointed appendages in the exoskeleton is necessary for a) molting (b) cephalization (c) movement (d) protection (e) growth 68 In the arthropods, the type of eye which senses light and dark but does not form images is a) simple eye (b) single eye (c) compound eye (d) eyespot (e) all of the above 69 Which of the following is NOT an arthropod? a) millipede (b) crayfish (c) spider (d) ant (Yay ! Ants) (e) slug 70 Which of the following is NOT an insect? a) ant (Yay ! Ants) (b) spider (c) mosquito (d) caterpillar (e) dragonfly 71 Insects secrete nitrogen waste from the blood as solid crystals in an attempt to a) conserve water (b) secrete waste faster (c) rid the body of excess water weight to aid in flying (e) all of the above 72 (d) reduce their body A chemical secreted by an insect which affects the behaviour of other insects is a a) attractant (b) pheromone (c) hormone (d) sex hormone (e) none of the above 73 Which of the following could NOT be used to describe the exoskeleton? a) jointed (b) armour (c) made of chitin (d) animal vulnerable without it animal (e) grows with the 74 An insect that is NOT a member of a society a) is unable to communicate with other insects (b) is unable to reproduce basic tasks of a society (d) depends on other insects for defence and food (c) must perform all the (e) all of the above A harmless insect has markings on it’s body which resemble those of a poisonous insect. The harmless insect is displaying a) hiding (b) attracting attention (c) mimicry (d) camouflage (e) none of the above 75 76 The poisonous insect is displaying a) hiding (b) attracting attention (c) mimicry (d) camouflage (e) none of the above 77 In some insects, eggs can develop without having been fertilized. This is known as a) pheromones (b) parthenogenesis (c) sexual reproduction (d) metamorphosis the above (e) none of 78 Which of the following is NOT a crustacean? a) lobster (b) crayfish (c) shrimp (d) crab (e) scorpion Match the following a) Agnatha (b) Chondrichthyes (c) Osteichthyes (d) Amphibia (e) Reptilia 79 The vertebrate class containing the most species 80 The vertebrate class containing the fewest species 81 The class to which the first fully terrestrial vertebrates belonged 82 salamander 83 lamprey 84 salmon 85 shark 86 ray 87 goldfish 88 aquatic as larvae, terrestrial as adults 89 aquatic or marine organisms with bony skeletons 90 terrestrial egg-layers 91 jawless fishes 92 young nursed on milk 93 first jawed fish 94 no paired fins 95 cartilage skeleton as adult 96 swim bladder 97 sucker mouth 98 The skeleton of adult chondrichthyes is a) different from that of young chondrichthyes (b) bony (c) external (d) rigid (f) Mammalia (e) flexible 99 Animals in class Osteichthyes have a skeleton made primarily of a) keratin (b) chitin (c) peptidoglycan (d) cartilage (e) bone 100 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the amphibians? a) live in water and then on land (b) the skin helps supply the oxygen demand (c) eggs are deposited in the water (d) skin covered by mucous (e) fertilization is internal 101 Which of the following is NOT an amphibian adaptation to living on land? a) external fertilization (b) lungs (c) metamorphosis (d) legs (e) gas exchange through skin 102 Which of the following gave reptiles an advantage over the amphibians to living on land? a) internal fertilization (b) cold blooded (c) limbs pointing outward (d) lungs (e) cephalization 103 In reptiles, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood a) are totally mixed in the ventricle (b) flow equally to the lungs d) always flow to the lungs (e) are partially separated (c) are partially mixed in the atria 104 All of the following are reptilian adaptations for life on land EXCEPT a) waterproof skin (b) limbs designed for walking (c) special egg e) external fertilization (d) improved heart 105 The four chambered heart is an advantage to birds and mammals because it a) delivers oxygenated blood to the lungs (b) delivers oxygenated blood to the body c) allows minimal mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (d) separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (e) all of the above 106 Female birds have a single ovary. This is probably an adaptation for a) internal fertilization (b) reproduction efficiency (c) flight (d) producing hard-shelled eggs e) increasing the number of eggs produced 107 Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of birds for flight? a) large cerebellum (b) hollow skeleton (c) air sacs (d) efficient and fast digestion (e) spiracles 108 Which adaptation allows a bird to obtain energy needed for flight without weight gain? a) frequent eating (b) rapid digestion (c) warm-bloodedness (d) storage of food in crop e) all of the above 109 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mammals? a) complex brains (b) well developed lungs (c) absence of gill slits in embryo chambered heart (e) provide milk for young (d) four 110 The group of mammals which lay eggs is the a) monotremes (b) marsupials (c) placental e) no vertebrates lay eggs (d) all mammals display live birth Use the following key to classify the animals below: a) monotreme (b) marsupial (c) placental mammal 111 lays eggs young develop in pouch 113 young develop attached to a placenta (DUH !) 114 nourish young with milk 115 kangaroo 116 cat 117 opossum 118 platypus 112 (d) all of these 119 In most mammals the embryo is protected by the a) uterus (b) placenta (c) umbilical cord (d) chorion (e) all of the above 120 Which ensure the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the mammalian heart? a) right and left atria (b) right and left atria, right and left ventricles (c) right and left ventricles d) right atrium and right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle (e) none of the above 121 In which of the following mammals would parental care after birth probably last the longest? a) chimpanzee (b) rabbit (c) domestic cat (d) lion (e) opossum 122 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vertebrates? a) lack of segmentation (b) internal skeleton (c) have a backbone e) complex circulatory system (d) large coelom 123 Which of the following is NOT an ectotherm? a) lizard (b) trout (c) frog (d) robin (e) turtle 124 All of the following are evolutionary trends in vertebrates EXCEPT a) independence from water (b) increased cephalization (c) more complex heart d) increased size of cerebrum (e) closed circulatory system 125 Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for controlling muscle movement? a) muscular lobe (b) cerebrum (c) cerebellum (d) medulla (e) optic lobe 126 Which of the following membranes in the egg is a respiratory surface (gas exchange) for the embryo? a) amnion (b) yolk sac (c) allantois (d) chorion (e) albumin 127 Which of the following membranes in the egg is a barrier to microbes? a) amnion (b) yolk sac (c) allantois (d) chorion (e) albumin 128 The two groups of chordates that have adapted to the widest variety of habitats are the a) birds and reptiles (b) reptiles and amphibians (c) amphibians and mammals d) reptiles and mammals (e) birds and mammals 129 Which of the following characteristics is NOT found in all chordates? a) hollow, dorsal nerve cord (b) vertebrae (c) gill slits (d) notochord e) these are all characteristics of chordates 130 In chordates which possess a backbone, it is formed from the a) notochord (b) dorsal nerve cord (c) vertebrae (d) urochord (e) none of the above 131 The brain and spinal cord of chordates is formed from the a) notochord (b) dorsal nerve cord (c) vertebrae (d) urochord (e) none of the above 132 An extinct fish-like animal is known to have had bony plates and was jawless. It would be placed in the class a) Agnatha (b) Chondrichthyes (c) Osteichthyes (d) Vertebrata (e) impossible to say 133 Vertebrates have hearts that are a) two chambered (b) three chambered e) none of the above (c) four chambered (d) all of the above 5. At what stage of development do we call the developing zygote an embryo? 34. Describe the structure and function of the nephridium. 42. Annelids have a more developed nervous system than do roundworms or flatworms. Why is this necessary for annelids? 6. Describe the process by which arthropods shed their old exoskeleton. 9. How do insects conserve water? 12. Describe the three types of “camouflage” seen in the insects and state the purpose of each. 13. What is a pheromone and how are they used by the insects? 25. Which part of the vertebrate brain has shown considerable development throughout the course of evolution? 2. Why are echinoderms thought to be more closely related to chordates than the other "invertebrate" phyla? 3. List the seven classes of modern vertebrates, and indicate the evolutionary relationships among them. State the order in which they appear in the fossil record. 4. Draw a phylogenetic tree for the fish and amphibians. 5. Draw a phylogenetic tree for the reptiles, dinosaurs, birds and mammals. 6. Some biologist refer to birds as specialized flying reptiles, dinosaur experts have also called birds living dinosaurs. Explain how these opinions can be supported; not supported. 7. What is Archaeopteryx? 8. The amniote egg was a major innovation of the reptiles. Describe the role of the amniote egg in the conquest of land by the vertebrates. 9. Give a possible explanation for the mass extinctions of the dinosaurs and other animals at the end of the Cretaceous. What explanation is most accepted today? 10. Describe the key innovations of each vertebrate class, and specify which of these were adaptations to overcome the difficulties of life on land. 11. What are the main characteristics of mammals? 12. What are the three groups(Subclasses) of living mammals? Where in the world are the first two groups most abundant? 13. List 3 or 4 characteristics shared by all primates. 14. Discuss current ideas of the evolutionary history of man. In doing so, describe some of the anatomical changes that occurred in the course of evolution from ape ancestor to modern human, and discuss the roles that bipedalism, tool use, and increased brain size may have played in human evolution. State the order in which the early hominids appear in the fossil record. 15. Draw a phylogenetic tree for the primates.(Note Campbell does not have one in his book.) SAMPLE ESSAY QUESTION 4. Arthropods and chordates may both be regarded as the most highly evolved representatives of their respective evolutionary lines. They have independently evolved ways to cope with their environments. Discuss the ways in which insects and terrestrial vertebrates have solved these problems. Include in your discussion all the major body systems. III. Label the following insert picture of cross sections of three types of worms (value: 18) Name the three types of worms we looked at and give an example of each. Name the three classes in phylum Annelida and give an example of each 134 Which of the following is NOT a reason why sponges are considered to be simple animals? a) sessile (b) no true tissues (c) specialized cells (d) no nervous system (e) these are all reasons 135 Which of the following is NOT a way in which animals and plants differ? a) animals are motile at some time, plants are not (b) plants are autotrophs, animals are not c) all animals can reproduce sexually, all plants do not (d) plants have some haploid cells, animals do not (e) none of the above 136 The animal in which the mesoderm is absent during development is the a) sponge (b) flatworm (c) planaria (d) bacteria (e) amoeba 137 Sponges are considered animals and not plants for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a) they develop from a blastula (b) they are multicellular heterotrophs (c) they do not move d) germ layers are present during development (e) they are able to reproduce sexually 138 The fact that a sponge is sessile reflects a) their lack of cell specialization (b) their simple characteristics (c) the interdependence among sponge cells (d) their unicellular organization (e) the presence a of simple nervous system 139 Because hermaphrodite sponges produce eggs and sperm at different times, they a) reproduce only by budding (b) cannot produce many offspring (c) have little genetic diversity d) evolve more slowly than other animals (e) do not self fertilize 140 All except one of the following is a germ layer in the embryonic development of animals a) endoderm (b) ectoderm (c) mesoderm (d) epiderm (e) these are all germ layers 141 An animal which attaches itself to one spot and stays there for its adult life would be called a) motile (b) sessile (c) fertile (d) mobile (e) tactile 142 The reason that hydra and jellyfish do not require a specialized transport system is that a) they do not need the same nutrients as higher animals (b) a simple internal transport system allows them to transport nutrients and wastes (c) water circulates around their body and diffusion supplies their needs (d) flagellated cells in the gut distribute nutrients throughout the body (e) they get their food from the water 143 Free-living flatworms have a digestive system but tapeworms do not. This reflects different adaptations to a) energy requirements (b) lifestyle (c) gas exchange (d) segmentation (e) getting nutrients 144 The best evidence that this organism has a non-parasitic, free-living lifestyle is a) presence of eye spots and nerve swellings (b) absence of respiratory tissues c) absence of hooks and suckers (d) presence of a mouth and gut (e) all of the above 145 Nutritionally, this organism could best be described as a a) carnivore and decomposer (b) heterotroph and an autotroph e) impossible to say (c) omnivore (d) carnivore 146 The best evidence that this organism is bilaterally symmetrical is the a) ventral nerve cords (b) simple head and nerve swellings (c) digestive tissues body (e) mouth and pharynx 147 This organism is most likely a a) planarian (b) cnidarian (c) tapeworm (d) leech (e) nematode (d) flattened 148 Which of the following does NOT have a digestive system ? a) planaria (b) nematode (c) roundworm (d) segmented worm system (e) they all have a digestive 149 During animal development, cell specialization begins a) with the first cell division (b) at the blastula stage (c) at the gastrula stage d) after the formation of germ layers (e) cell specialization does not occur during animal development Cephalization is MOST important for an animal’s ability to a) obtain food more effectively (b) obtain information about the environment ahead of it control it’s movement in one direction (d) detect predators (e) all of the above 150 (c) 151 Polyps can be described as being a) bell shaped and free swimming (b) bell shaped and sessile d) vase shaped and sessile (e) none of the above (c) vase shaped and free swimming 152 Which of the following is absent in both poriferans and cnidarians? a) ectoderm (b) mesoderm (c) endoderm (d) none of the above (e) all of the above 153 Which of the following does NOT affect movement in the earthworm? a) muscles (b) setae (c) the brain (d) gizzard (e) all of these affect movement 154 The annelids are considered to be more advanced than the cnidarians because annelids have a) two main tissues in a flattened body plan (b) a segmented body with a closed circulatory system c) three main tissue types enclosed in a shell (d) bilateral symmetry and muscle tissue e) three main tissue types and an open circulatory system 155 The fact that clams have gills and an open circulatory system makes them seem more advanced than the but less advanced than the . a) roundworm, squid (b) earthworm, snail (c) flatworm, earthworm (d) snail, lobster e) none of the above The development of a) tentacles (b) cysts e) all of the above allows the jellyfish to ingest larger animals than can the sponge (c) muscle tissue (d) a two opening digestive tract A parasitic animal lives on blood from it’s host. This animal could be placed in the class a) oligochaeta (b) polychaeta (c) hirudinea (d) annelida (e) any of these A single sponge cell can continue to live following separation from a multicellular sponge because sponge cells a) are specialized (b) are not specialized (c) are not permanently specialized d) have little flexibility in function (e) are simple cells Use the following information to answer the next two questions: Sponges are sessile organisms that feed by filtering water. This type of lifestyle and feeding behaviour can be both an advantage and a disadvantage to the sponge. An advantage of this type of lifestyle and feeding behaviour is that sponges do not have to a) use energy searching for food (b) compete with other organisms for living space c) rely on diffusion to supply them with oxygen (d) defend themselves against predators e) all of the above A disadvantage of this type of lifestyle and feeding behaviour is that sponges a) may absorb too much food when it is plentiful (b) may absorb poisonous microorganisms c) cannot move to a new location to find a mate (d) are dependant on the quality of the surrounding water (e) all of the above Reproduction in cnidarians resembles alternation of generations in plants except that a) the stages are all diploid (b) the diploid stage is dependant on the haploid stage c) the haploid stage can only be produced by meiosis (d) the haploid stage is dependant on the diploid stage (e) the diploid stage is produced by sexual reproduction Which of the following has a circulatory system? a) flatworm (b) planaria (c) roundworm (d) segmented worm The is about the same size as the a) zygote, embryo (b) gastrula, embryo e) all of the above (e) none of the above . (c) zygote, gastrula (d) blastula, embryo Which of the following is NOT a result of cell specialization? a) complex organization (b) eukaryotic cell structure (c) true organs e) these are all a result of cell specialization (d) intelligence The difference between an animal with a coelom and one with a pseudocoelom is that the second one a) has a peritoneum and mesoderm-lined body cavity (b) has a peritoneum but lacks a mesoderm-lined body cavity (c) lacks a peritoneum, but has a mesoderm-lined body cavity d) has a mesoderm-lined body cavity but no gut (e) lacks both a peritoneum and a mesoderm-lined body cavity 5. What is the nerve tube and from what layer of cells does it form? 6. What is a blastopore? Depending on the animal, what will the blastopore become? 7. Are the cells of the mesoderm 2n or n? Explain. 8. What does the term differentiation mean? 9. What do we call the first few divisions of the zygote? What process must occur to allow these divisions? 10. Why is the gastrula about the same size as the zygote? 15. As cells in an organism become more specialized, what ability do they lose? 23. Describe reproduction in the sponges. 30. How does the gastro vascular cavity of cnidarians differ from the channels in a sponge? 33. Why are the cell layers of sponges not considered to be true tissues while those of cnidarians are? 34. Why are sponges considered simpler organisms than cnidarians? 48. Describe the earthworm’s primitive “heart.” 51. Storage of food in the earthworm takes place in the a) esophagus (b) crop (c) gizzard (d) intestine In earthworms, the function of nephridia is to *a) excrete nitrogen waste from the blood (b) excrete undigested food from the body (c) absorb water from the environment (d) sense light 52. Which of the following terms best describes the difference between earthworms and leeches? a) parasite (b) segmented (c) circulatory system 1 (d) annelid 53. Which of the following does not have a body cavity? a) planaria (b) earthworm (c) leech (d) they all have a body cavity 63. For quick escapes, cephalopods direct a jet of water through the a) mantle cavity (b) siphon (c) mouth (d) tentacles The foot of most bivalves is specialized for *a) burrowing (b) crawling (c) swimming (d) feeding 68. Unlike sponges and cnidarians, flatworms have a) three germ layers (b) bilateral symmetry (c) organs and systems (d) all of the above 69. Like cnidarians, planarians have a digestive cavity with a) separate mouth and anus (b) tiny multiple openings (c) a single opening (d) very little branching 70. Planarians have eyespots which allow them to a) move toward light (b) move away from light (c) locate prey (d) avoid predators 71. A characteristic that distinguishes annelids from other worms is a) cephalization (b) bilateral symmetry (c) presence of a true nervous system (d) segmentation (e) all of the above 72. Two features which characterize phylum Nematoda are a) one-way digestive tract and body cavity (b) body cavity and radial symmetry (c) one-way digestive tract with no body cavity (d) two-way digestive tract and a body cavity 73. The fluid filled cavity of an earthworm is called a a) coelom (b) peritoneum (c) pseudocoelom (d) endoderm 74. Complete the table Trait Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Shape of cross section Segmentation Type of digestive tract Body cavity Number of germ layers Separate sexes ? An animal which can be divided into equal halves by passing a plane through the central axis in any direction has _____ symmetry a) lateral *(b) radial (c) bilateral (d) spherical (e) no Use the following information to answer the following four questions: An aquatic organism has a smooth, flattened body. No hooks or suckers are present and no respiratory tissues are found. A simple head contains two eye spots and two nerve swellings from which extend two ventral nerve cords. The mouth is at the tip of a pharynx, which leads to a gut with three branches. The gut contains decaying animal tissues and small crustaceans. 156 Which of the following is NOT an ectoderm? a) lizard (b) trout (c) frog (d) robin (e) shark Some insects have evolved a system of outer pores which lead to open channels in the body to a) improve blood circulation (b) aid in reproduction (c) increase the secretion of wastes d) removes wastes from the blood (e) increase the availability of oxygen The thorax of an insect a) is specialized for feeding (b) has antennae (c) contains most of the internal organs d) is not segmented (e) is specialized for locomotion The three groups of living fish are classified on the basis of a) method of fertilization and embryonic development (b) type of fins and scales (c) presence or absence of jaws and type of skeleton (d) number of gills and the presence or absence of a swim bladder e) all of the above Most amphibians do not grow to a large size because increased size results in a) decreased respiration (b) increased gas exchange (c) increased water loss by evaporation d) internal fertilization (e) all of the above The amount of blood which is oxygenated that reaches the reptilian lungs is a) none (b) some (c) most (d) all (e) impossible to say Which of the following is NOT required for maintaining a high internal body temperature in cool environments ? a) high metabolism (b) fast digestion (c) large oxygen supply (d) large food supply e) all of these are required Oxygen and nutrient transport in a bird is a) about the same as that in a reptile (b) more efficient than that in an amphibian (c) less efficient than that in a bony fish (d) less efficient than that in a mammal (e) none of the above You discover an animal fossil from the Jurassic Period. The fossil indicates that the animal was a carnivore, with a relatively small brain, and was carrying young at the time of death. The animal was probably a) a reptile (b) a marsupial (c) a placental mammal (d) amphibian (e) impossible to say Which of the following is NOT a subphylum of chordates? a) Invertebrata (b) Urochordata (c) Cephalochordata subphyla of chordates (d) Vertebrata (e) these are all Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of urochordates? a) invertebrate (b) no cephalization (c) have gill slits (d) are motile e) these are all characteristics of urochordates The feature which is unique to chordates is a) bilateral symmetry (b) cephalization tissue (e) gill slits (c) true coelom (d) segmentation of muscle and nerve Which of the following structures has openings at some time in chordate development? a) pharynx (b) ventral nerve cord (c) notochord (d) dorsal nerve cord (e) none of the above Which of the following characteristics separates the cephalochordates from the urochordates? a) possession of a head (b) gill slits (c) dorsal nerve cord (d) vertebrae (e) notochord Which of the following endoskeletal characteristics is of advantage only to vertebrates? a) protects internal organs (b) provides structural support (c) is able to bend d) can grow with the organism (e) provides protection from predators 157 Insects far outnumber the crustaceans, and have a greater diversity of species. This is probably because a) insects develop by metamorphosis, while crustaceans usually molt (b) terrestrial environments are more varied than aquatic environments (c) insects have a clearly segmented body, while some segments are fused in the crustaceans crustaceans e) insects are more cephalized (d) the appendages of insects are more varied than those of the 158 Insects have remained small in size for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a) their failure to evolve lungs (b) the bulk of the exoskeleton (c) their method of circulation and gas exchange (d) the inability to get gases to a large volume of cells (e) these are all reasons 159 The most important development of osteichthyes over chondrichthyes is a) paired fins (b) gills (c) moveable jaw (d) swim bladder (e) closed circulation 160 Complex behaviour in birds can be directly related to their a) reproductive habits (b) ability to fly (c) four chambered heart e) all of the above The millipede is considered more simple than the dragonfly because the a) dragonfly larvae is hatched in the water (b) millipede cannot fly d) millipede is highly segmented (e) dragonfly is larger (d) large cerebrum (c) millipede has many legs 161 Osteichthyes have a skeleton made primarily from a) chitin (b) cartilage (c) cellulose (d) keratin (e) bone 162 Most adult urochordates a) are motile (b) have a notochord (c) are filter feeders (d) have a well-developed endoskeleton 163 In the embryo, the chordate nervous system develops from the a) ectoderm (b) mesoderm (c) endoderm (d) notochord As adults, cephalochordates have a) gill slits (b) a notochord (c) a dorsal nerve chord (d) all of the above 164 What chordate characteristic is retained in the adult urochordate? a) gill slits (b) nerve cord (c) notochord (d) all of the above (e) none of the above 165 During development, which structure develops into vertebrae? a) dorsal nerve cord (b) gill slits (duh!) (c) ventral nerve cord above (d) notochord (e) none of the 166 The skeleton of vertebrates is made of a) bone (b) cartilage (c) chitin (d) both a and b (e) neither a nor b 167 One trend of vertebrates involves a) movement from land to water (b) change to open circulation d) change to closed circulation (c) movement from water to land 168 An animal whose notochord and dorsal nerve disappear as an adult, and that remains sessile for its life is most likely in the sub-phylum a) Urochordata (b) Cephalochordata (c) Vertebrata (d) impossible to say 169 What characteristic do all chordates have that no other animals have? a) bilateral symmetry (b) a true coelom (c) a notochord (d) bones protecting the nerve chord Use the following key to match each of the following statements to the appropriate sub-phylum a) urochordates (b) cephalochordates (c) vertebrates (d) none of the chordates e) all of the chordates 170 marine, mostly sessile, notochord and dorsal nerve present only in embryos 171 closed circulatory system 172 marine, notochord, gills slits, and dorsal nerve present throughout life 173 dorsal nerve cord protected by bone 174 gill slits present as embryo Complete the table by placing a check in boxes where appropriate Gills Paired Fins Jaws Bony Skeleton Ectotherm Gill Covers (operculum) Lateral Line Agnatha Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes 175 Which of the following is NOT a function of the feathers? a) attracting a mate (b) balancing during flight (c) feeding of the young body temperature (d) maintaining high 176 Only mammals a) bear live young (b) are endothermic (c) have mammary glands heart (e) both a and b (f) both a and c (d) have a four chambered During the process of , the immature insect looks notably different from the adult a) complete metamorphosis (b) incomplete metamorphosis (c) molting d) parthenogenesis An active frog can increase its rate of gas exchange by a) increasing gas exchange through its skin (b) opening its mouth its lungs (d) all of the above (c) increasing the surface area of The part of the frog brain that is specialized to receive information about smell is the a) optic lobe (b) cerebellum (c) olfactory lobe (d) cerebrum A frog sees an insect fly by and quickly catches it. The part of the brain involved is a) optic lobe (b) cerebellum (c) cerebrum (d) all of the above The group of vertebrates which first inhabited land were the a) amphibians (b) reptiles (c) mammals (d) lancelets The heads of monotremes resemble the heads of a) amphibians (b) reptiles (c) birds (d) marsupials The adult vertebrate body is composed PRIMARILY of tissues that have developed from embryonic a) ectoderm (b) mesoderm (c) endoderm (d) a combination of ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm Which of the following is NOT a class in Chordata? a) Aves (b) Agnatha (c) Crustacea (d) Reptilia (e) Mammalia Animals that carry out external fertilization must have this adaptation in order to ensure success (a) laying of eggs in water (b) have protective shell around eggs (c) laying of large numbers of eggs (d) complex behavioral patterns The fluid filled sac that develops around the embryo in (a) yolk sac (b) amnion (c) allantois (d) chorion human development is the The membrane in the egg structure that lies very close to the shell is the (a) allantois (b) yolk sac (c) amnion (d) chorion 2. One of the main functions of the circulatory system is the exchanges that take place in the a) heart (b) arteries (c) veins (d) arterioles (e) capillaries 12. What evidence of cephalization is seen in the insects? 13. What adaptations to feeding are seen in the insects? 15. What is meant by parthenogenesis? 44. Where in an adult amphibian might a red blood cell pick up oxygen? What may have contributed to the evolution of vertebrates that could survive on land? At the end of the Paleozoic era, the swamps that covered much of the land surfaces were drying out. Explain what effect this may have had on the reptiles. The esophagus and intestine of the crayfish are lined with a chitinous exoskeleton. Only the stomach is lined with endoderm. What problem does this present to the animal when it is time to molt? Mimics which taste good are usually present in much smaller numbers than the bad-tasting insects they resemble. Why is it important for the mimic to maintain a relatively small population? Certain sensory cell sin the eyes of the frog have been shown to send signals to the frog’s brain when the general level of light drops quickly. These signals are processed by the brain which then sends a signal to the hind legs, causing the frog to jump (probably a reflex arc). Explain the significance of this system. 1. Explain the three forms of camouflage seen in the insects. (value: 3) 2. Explain how respiration in aves is adapted for flight. (value: 5) 3. Explain the developments made by reptiles to enable life on land. 4. Describe the important structures in the eggs of birds. (value: 4) (value: 4) II. List the following in order of correct developmental sequence: cleavage, embryo, zygote, adult, meiosis, gastrula, fertilization, blastula (value: 5) III. On you own paper, complete the table below by giving a fact for each category. (value: 24) General Porifera Nervous System Digestion/Excretion Gas Exchange Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Mollusca Bonus: For the three classes in phylum Mollusca, state what the name means and give an example of each (value: 6) Complete the following table to show the developments of each of the classes in the categories of Respiration, Circulation, Reproduction, and Other Adaptations. You will get marks only for showing the advances made by each class. (value: 16) Respiration Circulation Reproduction Other Adaptations Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia III. Short answer 1. Explain how aves are adapted for flight. (value: 5) 2. Explain the developments made by reptiles to enable life on land. (value: 8) Draw an animal with bilateral symmetry and label all parts of its body (anterior, etc.) (7) One Friday night you’re explaining the evolutionary relationships seen in animals to one of your friends but he isn’t getting it. a) Describe how you would explain the trend in animals from very simple to more complex. Be sure to mention the things you would look at to determine complexity. (4) b) VERY BRIEFLY list the specific major developments seen in each of the animal phyla we studied in class (Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata). (7) c) Outline the developments seen in the vertebrate classes (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia). (7) 1. b 2. e 3. a 4. d 5. e 6. c 7. a 8. a 9. b 10. a 11. c 12. b 13. e 14. d 15. d 16. c 17. d 18. b 19. b 20. c 21. c 22. c 23. b 24. a 25. d 26. e 27. e 28. b 29. b 30. d 31. b 32. e 33. e 34. c 35. a 36. b 37. e 38. c 39. c 40. e 41. e 42. e 43. e 44. a 45. d 46. b 47. e 48. d 49. d 50. b 51. b 52. d 53. b 54. a 55. a 56. b 57. e 58. a 59. b 60. e 61. b 62. b 63. b 64. b 65. e 66. d 67. c 68. a 69. e 70. b 71. a 72. b 73. e 74. c 75. c 76. b 77. b 78. e 79. c 80. a 81. e 82. d 83. a 84. c 85. b 86. b 87. c 88. d 89. c 90. e 91. a 92. f 93. b 94. a 95. b 96. c 97. a 98. e 99. e 100. e 101. a 102. a 103. e 104. e 105. d 106. c 107. e 108. b 109. c 110. a 111. a 112. b 113. c 114. d 115. b 116. c 117. b 118. a 119. a 120. d 121. a 122. a 123. d 124. e 125. c 126. c 127. d 128. e 129. b 130. a 131. b 132. a 133. d 134. c 135. d 136. a 137. c 138. b 139. e 140. d 141. b 142. c 143. e 144. c 145. a 146. b 147. a 148. e 149. c 150. b 151. d 152. b 153. d 154. b 155. a 156. d 157. b 158. a 159. d 160. d 161. e 162. c 163. a 164. a 165. d 166. d 167. c 168. a 169. c 170. a 171. c 172. b 173. c 174. e 175. c 176. c