Download [1] The stage of development characterized by a hollow ball of cells

1 The stage of development characterized by a hollow ball of cells is the
a) zygote
(b) blastula
(c) gastrula
(d) embryo
(e) germ stage
2
Animals which do NOT move are referred to as
a) sponges
(b) simple
(c) motile
(d) asymmetrical
(e) sessile
3
An animal is best described as an organism that
a) is multicellular, heterotrophic, and usually motile
(b) is eukaryotic, is either a vertebrate or an
invertebrate, and feeds on other organisms
(c) does not photosynthesize, and does not have roots,
stems, or leaves
(d) reproduces sexually or asexually and feeds on other organisms
e) is multicellular, asexual, and heterotrophic
4
The first cell divisions during animal development are called
a) divisions
(b) meiotic
(c) mitotic
(d) cleavages
(e) gastrulation
5
can reproduce sexually but
cannot.
a) sponges, cnidarians
(b) cnidarians, sponges
d) sponges, worms
(e) none of the above
(c) complex animals, simple animals
Use the following key to state from which germ layer each of the following tissues arises:
a) ectoderm
(b) mesoderm
(c) endoderm
6
digestive tract
skin
8
feathers
9
circulatory system
10
nervous system
7
11
The innermost germ layer is the
a) ectoderm
(b) mesoderm
(c) endoderm
(d) peritoneum
(e) none of the above
12
The process by which the ball of cells in the developing animal folds inward is known as
a) blastulation
(b) gastrulation
(c) mitosis
(d) cleavage
(e) division
13
The stage of development when all germ layers are present is known as the
a) blastula
(b) zygote
(c) endoderm
(d) gastrula
(e) embryo
14
The type of symmetry associated with cephalization is
a) spherical
(b) radial
(c) lateral
(d) bilateral
(e) all of the above
15
An important behavioural difference between radially and bilaterally symmetric animals is
a) cephalization
(b) how food is obtained
(c) reproduction
(d) direction of movement
e) all of the above
16
A fluid filled cavity surrounded by mesoderm found in some animals is known as the
a) pore
(b) peritoneum
(c) coelom
(d) acoelom
(e) sinus
Use the following key to identify the symmetry of each of the following animals:
a) spherical symmetry
(b) radial symmetry
(c) bilateral symmetry
(d) asymmetrical
17
18
sponge
starfish
19
jellyfish
planaria
21
humans
20
Use the following key to identify the part of the animal referred to:
a) dorsal
(b) ventral
(c) anterior
(d) posterior
(e) proximal
22
head region
23
stomach
24
back
25
tail
26
near the body
27
The peritoneum is a tissue layer which
a) lines the body cavity
(b) provides support for internal organs
d) keeps internal organs in place
(e) all of the above
(c) covers internal organs
28
A pseudocoelomate is an animal which has
a) a body cavity lined with a peritoneum
(b) a body cavity partially surrounded by mesoderm
c) a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm
(d) no body cavity
(e) none of the above
29
A major difference between the polyp and medusa is that the
a) polyp is motile, the medusa is not
(b) polyp mouth faces up, the medusa’s faces down
c) medusa has true tissue but the polyp does not
(d) medusa has stinging tentacles, the polyp does not
e) medusa has symmetry, the polyp does not
Use the key below to classify the following animals:
a) Porifera (b) Cnidaria (c) Platyhelminthes
(d) Annelida
(e) Mollusca
30
earthworm
hydra
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snail
33
clam
34
planaria
35
sponge
36
jellyfish
37
squid
38
tapeworm
31
39
The
is an example of a medusa body form while the
a) jellyfish, sponge (b) sponge, hydra (c) jellyfish, hydra
jellyfish
is an example of a polyp body form.
(d) jellyfish, starfish (e) hydra,
40
Which of the following could NOT be used to describe a medusa?
a) motile
(b) stinging
(c) bell shaped
(d) tentacles
(e) sessile as adult
41
Organisms which are hermaphrodites
a) reproduce only sexually
(b) reproduce only asexually
(c) have fertilization outside the body
d) are simple organisms
(e) produce male and female gametes
42
The most important development the cnidarians have made over the poriferans is
a) movement
(b) eye spots
(c) one-way digestive system
(d) circulatory system (e) simple
tissue
43
Like sponges, the jellyfish lacks
a) ectoderm
(b) specialized cells
(c) symmetry
(d) controlled movement
(e) an obvious head
44
The specialized stinging structures of the hydra and jellyfish are called
a) nematocysts
(b) stingers
(c) spicules
(d) setae
(e) nephridia
45
Which of the following is NOT a development of the flatworm over simpler phyla?
a) three germ layers
(b) true organs
(c) bilateral symmetry
(d) one-way digestive tract
e) these are all developments
46
Flatworms accomplish gas exchange by using
a) a coelom
(b) diffusion
(c) a simple heart
(d) an open circulatory system
(e) none of these
47
The development in the digestive system of the planaria is
a) the intestine (b) having an endoderm (c) a developed mesoderm
branching
(d) it is one-way (e)
48
Which of the following is NOT a development of the planarian nervous system over simpler phyla?
a) a head region
(b) primitive eyespots
(c) branching nerves
(d) response to touch
e) response to light
49
Which of the following shows cephalization?
a) earthworm
(b) flatworm
(c) roundworm
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above
50
While enjoying a day at the beach, you discover a new species of marine flatworm. Which of the
following would it lack?
a) nervous system
(b) circulatory system
(c) digestive system
(d) cephalization
(e)
mesoderm
51
Later that day you notice another new worm which is cigar-shaped and smooth. To satisfy your
irrepressible curiosity, you want to classify it immediately. In which phylum would you place it?
a) Platyhelminthes
(b) Nematoda
(c) Annelida
(d) Oligochaeta
(e) Porifera
52
Which of the following distinguishes roundworm digestion from that of a flatworm?
a) a pharynx
(b) a mouth
(c) a gut
(d) an anus
(e) coelom
53
Which of the following best describes the body cavity in a nematode?
a) acoelom
(b) pseudocoelom
(c) coelom
(d) a gut
(e) none of the above
54
The body cavity of the earthworm is called a
a) coelom
(b) gut
(c) gastrovascular cavity
(d) peritoneum
(e) none of the above
55
Animals which are made of repeating, similar body units are called
a) segmented
(b) simple
(c) coelomates
(d) annelids
(e) none of the above
56
Earthworms are able to grow much larger than roundworms because they have
a) a body cavity (b) blood
(c) the ability to get oxygen by diffusion
(d) a nervous system
e) a one-way digestive system
57
In the earthworm, the function of the nephridia is to
a) excrete undigested food from the body
(b) absorb water
(c) detect light
(d) distribute
digested material throughout the body
(e) eliminate wastes from the blood
58
Most mollusks transport gases and food molecules by way of
a) an open circulatory system
(b) a closed circulatory system
digestive system
(e) all of the above
(c) diffusion
(d) a branching
59
A major development seen in the terrestrial snail is the
a) shell
(b) lung
(c) muscular foot
(d) simple brain
(e) closed circulatory system
60
Bivalves are limited in their movement mostly because they have
a) only one foot
(b) a foot adapted for digging (c) a simple nervous system
circulatory system
(e) a heavy shell
(d) a closed
61
Which of the following mollusk characteristics is an adaptation for catching prey?
a) gills that produce mucus
(b) closed circulatory system
(c) one-way digestive tract
d) cephalization
(e) all of the above
62
Which of the following is NOT a development seen in all cephalopods?
a) development of the foot into tentacles
(b) no external shell
(c) highly developed nervous system
d) closed circulatory system
(e) cephalization
63
The mollusk class which shows no clear cephalization is the
a) gastropoda
(b) bivalvia
(c) cephalopoda
(d) all mollusks show cephalization
e) no mollusk class shows cephalization
64
Arthropods have to molt because they have
a) an endoskeleton
(b) an exoskeleton
(c) jointed appendages
e) cephalization
(d) a segmented body
65
The structure which removes wastes from the blood of a spider is the
a) nephron
(b) kidney
(c) spiracle
(d) nephridium
(e) Malpighian tubule
66
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of arthropods?
a) exoskeleton
(b) molting
(c) well developed nervous system
e) cephalization
(d) closed circulatory system
67
The presence of jointed appendages in the exoskeleton is necessary for
a) molting
(b) cephalization
(c) movement
(d) protection
(e) growth
68
In the arthropods, the type of eye which senses light and dark but does not form images is
a) simple eye
(b) single eye
(c) compound eye
(d) eyespot
(e) all of the above
69
Which of the following is NOT an arthropod?
a) millipede
(b) crayfish
(c) spider
(d) ant (Yay ! Ants)
(e) slug
70
Which of the following is NOT an insect?
a) ant (Yay ! Ants)
(b) spider
(c) mosquito
(d) caterpillar
(e) dragonfly
71
Insects secrete nitrogen waste from the blood as solid crystals in an attempt to
a) conserve water
(b) secrete waste faster
(c) rid the body of excess water
weight to aid in flying
(e) all of the above
72
(d) reduce their body
A chemical secreted by an insect which affects the behaviour of other insects is a
a) attractant
(b) pheromone
(c) hormone
(d) sex hormone
(e) none of the above
73
Which of the following could NOT be used to describe the exoskeleton?
a) jointed
(b) armour
(c) made of chitin
(d) animal vulnerable without it
animal
(e) grows with the
74
An insect that is NOT a member of a society
a) is unable to communicate with other insects
(b) is unable to reproduce
basic tasks of a society
(d) depends on other insects for defence and food
(c) must perform all the
(e) all of the above
A harmless insect has markings on it’s body which resemble those of a poisonous insect. The harmless
insect is displaying
a) hiding
(b) attracting attention
(c) mimicry
(d) camouflage
(e) none of the above
75
76
The poisonous insect is displaying
a) hiding
(b) attracting attention
(c) mimicry
(d) camouflage
(e) none of the above
77
In some insects, eggs can develop without having been fertilized. This is known as
a) pheromones
(b) parthenogenesis
(c) sexual reproduction
(d) metamorphosis
the above
(e) none of
78
Which of the following is NOT a crustacean?
a) lobster
(b) crayfish
(c) shrimp
(d) crab
(e) scorpion
Match the following
a) Agnatha
(b) Chondrichthyes
(c) Osteichthyes
(d) Amphibia
(e) Reptilia
79
The vertebrate class containing the most species
80
The vertebrate class containing the fewest species
81
The class to which the first fully terrestrial vertebrates belonged
82
salamander
83
lamprey
84
salmon
85
shark
86
ray
87
goldfish
88
aquatic as larvae, terrestrial as adults
89
aquatic or marine organisms with bony skeletons
90
terrestrial egg-layers
91
jawless fishes
92
young nursed on milk
93
first jawed fish
94
no paired fins
95
cartilage skeleton as adult
96
swim bladder
97
sucker mouth
98
The skeleton of adult chondrichthyes is
a) different from that of young chondrichthyes
(b) bony
(c) external
(d) rigid
(f) Mammalia
(e) flexible
99
Animals in class Osteichthyes have a skeleton made primarily of
a) keratin
(b) chitin
(c) peptidoglycan
(d) cartilage
(e) bone
100
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the amphibians?
a) live in water and then on land
(b) the skin helps supply the oxygen demand
(c) eggs are
deposited in the water
(d) skin covered by mucous
(e) fertilization is internal
101
Which of the following is NOT an amphibian adaptation to living on land?
a) external fertilization
(b) lungs
(c) metamorphosis
(d) legs
(e) gas exchange through skin
102
Which of the following gave reptiles an advantage over the amphibians to living on land?
a) internal fertilization
(b) cold blooded
(c) limbs pointing outward
(d) lungs (e)
cephalization
103
In reptiles, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
a) are totally mixed in the ventricle
(b) flow equally to the lungs
d) always flow to the lungs
(e) are partially separated
(c) are partially mixed in the atria
104
All of the following are reptilian adaptations for life on land EXCEPT
a) waterproof skin
(b) limbs designed for walking
(c) special egg
e) external fertilization
(d) improved heart
105
The four chambered heart is an advantage to birds and mammals because it
a) delivers oxygenated blood to the lungs
(b) delivers oxygenated blood to the body
c) allows minimal mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
(d) separates oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood
(e) all of the above
106
Female birds have a single ovary. This is probably an adaptation for
a) internal fertilization
(b) reproduction efficiency
(c) flight
(d) producing hard-shelled eggs
e) increasing the number of eggs produced
107
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of birds for flight?
a) large cerebellum (b) hollow skeleton
(c) air sacs
(d) efficient and fast digestion
(e) spiracles
108
Which adaptation allows a bird to obtain energy needed for flight without weight gain?
a) frequent eating
(b) rapid digestion
(c) warm-bloodedness
(d) storage of food in crop
e) all of the above
109
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mammals?
a) complex brains
(b) well developed lungs
(c) absence of gill slits in embryo
chambered heart
(e) provide milk for young
(d) four
110
The group of mammals which lay eggs is the
a) monotremes
(b) marsupials
(c) placental
e) no vertebrates lay eggs
(d) all mammals display live birth
Use the following key to classify the animals below:
a) monotreme
(b) marsupial
(c) placental mammal
111
lays eggs
young develop in pouch
113
young develop attached to a placenta (DUH !)
114
nourish young with milk
115
kangaroo
116
cat
117
opossum
118
platypus
112
(d) all of these
119
In most mammals the embryo is protected by the
a) uterus
(b) placenta
(c) umbilical cord
(d) chorion
(e) all of the above
120
Which ensure the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the mammalian heart?
a) right and left atria
(b) right and left atria, right and left ventricles
(c) right and left ventricles
d) right atrium and right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle
(e) none of the above
121
In which of the following mammals would parental care after birth probably last the longest?
a) chimpanzee
(b) rabbit
(c) domestic cat
(d) lion
(e) opossum
122
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vertebrates?
a) lack of segmentation
(b) internal skeleton
(c) have a backbone
e) complex circulatory system
(d) large coelom
123
Which of the following is NOT an ectotherm?
a) lizard
(b) trout
(c) frog
(d) robin
(e) turtle
124
All of the following are evolutionary trends in vertebrates EXCEPT
a) independence from water
(b) increased cephalization
(c) more complex heart
d) increased size of cerebrum
(e) closed circulatory system
125
Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for controlling muscle movement?
a) muscular lobe
(b) cerebrum
(c) cerebellum
(d) medulla
(e) optic lobe
126
Which of the following membranes in the egg is a respiratory surface (gas exchange) for the embryo?
a) amnion
(b) yolk sac
(c) allantois
(d) chorion
(e) albumin
127
Which of the following membranes in the egg is a barrier to microbes?
a) amnion
(b) yolk sac
(c) allantois
(d) chorion
(e) albumin
128
The two groups of chordates that have adapted to the widest variety of habitats are the
a) birds and reptiles
(b) reptiles and amphibians
(c) amphibians and mammals
d) reptiles and mammals
(e) birds and mammals
129
Which of the following characteristics is NOT found in all chordates?
a) hollow, dorsal nerve cord
(b) vertebrae
(c) gill slits
(d) notochord
e) these are all characteristics of chordates
130
In chordates which possess a backbone, it is formed from the
a) notochord
(b) dorsal nerve cord
(c) vertebrae
(d) urochord
(e) none of the above
131
The brain and spinal cord of chordates is formed from the
a) notochord
(b) dorsal nerve cord (c) vertebrae
(d) urochord
(e) none of the above
132
An extinct fish-like animal is known to have had bony plates and was jawless. It would be placed in
the class
a) Agnatha
(b) Chondrichthyes
(c) Osteichthyes
(d) Vertebrata
(e) impossible to say
133
Vertebrates have hearts that are
a) two chambered
(b) three chambered
e) none of the above
(c) four chambered
(d) all of the above
5. At what stage of development do we call the developing zygote an embryo?
34. Describe the structure and function of the nephridium.
42. Annelids have a more developed nervous system than do roundworms or flatworms. Why is this
necessary for annelids?
6. Describe the process by which arthropods shed their old exoskeleton.
9. How do insects conserve water?
12. Describe the three types of “camouflage” seen in the insects and state the purpose of each.
13. What is a pheromone and how are they used by the insects?
25. Which part of the vertebrate brain has shown considerable development throughout the course of
evolution?
2. Why are echinoderms thought to be more closely related to chordates than the other "invertebrate"
phyla?
3. List the seven classes of modern vertebrates, and indicate the evolutionary relationships among
them. State the order in which they appear in the fossil record.
4. Draw a phylogenetic tree for the fish and amphibians.
5. Draw a phylogenetic tree for the reptiles, dinosaurs, birds and mammals.
6. Some biologist refer to birds as specialized flying reptiles, dinosaur experts have also called birds
living dinosaurs. Explain how these opinions can be supported; not supported.
7. What is Archaeopteryx?
8. The amniote egg was a major innovation of the reptiles. Describe the role of the amniote egg in the
conquest of land by the vertebrates.
9. Give a possible explanation for the mass extinctions of the dinosaurs and other animals at the end of the
Cretaceous. What explanation is most accepted today?
10. Describe the key innovations of each vertebrate class, and specify which of these were adaptations to
overcome the difficulties of life on land.
11. What are the main characteristics of mammals?
12. What are the three groups(Subclasses) of living mammals? Where in the world are the first two groups
most abundant?
13. List 3 or 4 characteristics shared by all primates.
14. Discuss current ideas of the evolutionary history of man. In doing so, describe some of the
anatomical changes that occurred in the course of evolution from ape ancestor to modern human,
and discuss the roles that bipedalism, tool use, and increased brain size may have played in human
evolution. State the order in which the early hominids appear in the fossil record.
15. Draw a phylogenetic tree for the primates.(Note Campbell does not have one in his book.)
SAMPLE ESSAY QUESTION
4. Arthropods and chordates may both be regarded as the most highly evolved representatives of their
respective evolutionary lines. They have independently evolved ways to cope with their environments.
Discuss the ways in which insects and terrestrial vertebrates have solved these problems. Include in your
discussion all the major body systems.
III. Label the following
insert picture of cross sections of three types of worms
(value: 18)
Name the three types of worms we looked at and give an example of each.
Name the three classes in phylum Annelida and give an example of each
134
Which of the following is NOT a reason why sponges are considered to be simple animals?
a) sessile (b) no true tissues
(c) specialized cells
(d) no nervous system
(e) these are all
reasons
135
Which of the following is NOT a way in which animals and plants differ?
a) animals are motile at some time, plants are not
(b) plants are autotrophs, animals are not
c) all animals can reproduce sexually, all plants do not
(d) plants have some haploid cells, animals do
not
(e) none of the above
136
The animal in which the mesoderm is absent during development is the
a) sponge
(b) flatworm
(c) planaria
(d) bacteria
(e) amoeba
137
Sponges are considered animals and not plants for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
a) they develop from a blastula
(b) they are multicellular heterotrophs
(c) they do not move
d) germ layers are present during development
(e) they are able to reproduce sexually
138
The fact that a sponge is sessile reflects
a) their lack of cell specialization
(b) their simple characteristics
(c) the interdependence among
sponge cells
(d) their unicellular organization
(e) the presence a of simple nervous system
139
Because hermaphrodite sponges produce eggs and sperm at different times, they
a) reproduce only by budding
(b) cannot produce many offspring
(c) have little genetic diversity
d) evolve more slowly than other animals
(e) do not self fertilize
140
All except one of the following is a germ layer in the embryonic development of animals
a) endoderm
(b) ectoderm
(c) mesoderm
(d) epiderm
(e) these are all germ layers
141
An animal which attaches itself to one spot and stays there for its adult life would be called
a) motile
(b) sessile
(c) fertile
(d) mobile
(e) tactile
142
The reason that hydra and jellyfish do not require a specialized transport system is that
a) they do not need the same nutrients as higher animals
(b) a simple internal transport system allows
them to transport nutrients and wastes
(c) water circulates around their body and diffusion supplies
their needs
(d) flagellated cells in the gut distribute nutrients throughout the body
(e) they get
their food from the water
143
Free-living flatworms have a digestive system but tapeworms do not. This reflects different
adaptations to
a) energy requirements
(b) lifestyle
(c) gas exchange
(d) segmentation
(e) getting nutrients
144
The best evidence that this organism has a non-parasitic, free-living lifestyle is
a) presence of eye spots and nerve swellings
(b) absence of respiratory tissues
c) absence of hooks and suckers
(d) presence of a mouth and gut
(e) all of the above
145
Nutritionally, this organism could best be described as a
a) carnivore and decomposer (b) heterotroph and an autotroph
e) impossible to say
(c) omnivore
(d) carnivore
146
The best evidence that this organism is bilaterally symmetrical is the
a) ventral nerve cords
(b) simple head and nerve swellings
(c) digestive tissues
body
(e) mouth and pharynx
147
This organism is most likely a
a) planarian
(b) cnidarian
(c) tapeworm
(d) leech
(e) nematode
(d) flattened
148
Which of the following does NOT have a digestive system ?
a) planaria
(b) nematode
(c) roundworm
(d) segmented worm
system
(e) they all have a digestive
149
During animal development, cell specialization begins
a) with the first cell division
(b) at the blastula stage
(c) at the gastrula stage
d) after the formation of germ layers
(e) cell specialization does not occur during animal development
Cephalization is MOST important for an animal’s ability to
a) obtain food more effectively
(b) obtain information about the environment ahead of it
control it’s movement in one direction
(d) detect predators
(e) all of the above
150
(c)
151
Polyps can be described as being
a) bell shaped and free swimming
(b) bell shaped and sessile
d) vase shaped and sessile
(e) none of the above
(c) vase shaped and free swimming
152
Which of the following is absent in both poriferans and cnidarians?
a) ectoderm
(b) mesoderm
(c) endoderm
(d) none of the above
(e) all of the above
153
Which of the following does NOT affect movement in the earthworm?
a) muscles
(b) setae
(c) the brain
(d) gizzard
(e) all of these affect movement
154
The annelids are considered to be more advanced than the cnidarians because annelids have
a) two main tissues in a flattened body plan
(b) a segmented body with a closed circulatory system
c) three main tissue types enclosed in a shell
(d) bilateral symmetry and muscle tissue
e) three main tissue types and an open circulatory system
155
The fact that clams have gills and an open circulatory system makes them seem more advanced than
the
but less advanced than the
.
a) roundworm, squid
(b) earthworm, snail
(c) flatworm, earthworm
(d) snail, lobster
e) none of the above
The development of
a) tentacles
(b) cysts
e) all of the above
allows the jellyfish to ingest larger animals than can the sponge
(c) muscle tissue
(d) a two opening digestive tract
A parasitic animal lives on blood from it’s host. This animal could be placed in the class
a) oligochaeta
(b) polychaeta
(c) hirudinea
(d) annelida (e) any of these
A single sponge cell can continue to live following separation from a multicellular sponge because sponge
cells
a) are specialized
(b) are not specialized
(c) are not permanently specialized
d) have little flexibility in function
(e) are simple cells
Use the following information to answer the next two questions:
Sponges are sessile organisms that feed by filtering water. This type of lifestyle and feeding
behaviour can be both an advantage and a disadvantage to the sponge.
An advantage of this type of lifestyle and feeding behaviour is that sponges do not have to
a) use energy searching for food
(b) compete with other organisms for living space
c) rely on diffusion to supply them with oxygen
(d) defend themselves against predators
e) all of the above
A disadvantage of this type of lifestyle and feeding behaviour is that sponges
a) may absorb too much food when it is plentiful
(b) may absorb poisonous microorganisms c)
cannot move to a new location to find a mate
(d) are dependant on the quality of the surrounding
water
(e) all of the above
Reproduction in cnidarians resembles alternation of generations in plants except that
a) the stages are all diploid
(b) the diploid stage is dependant on the haploid stage
c) the haploid stage can only be produced by meiosis
(d) the haploid stage is dependant on the diploid
stage
(e) the diploid stage is produced by sexual reproduction
Which of the following has a circulatory system?
a) flatworm
(b) planaria
(c) roundworm
(d) segmented worm
The
is about the same size as the
a) zygote, embryo
(b) gastrula, embryo
e) all of the above
(e) none of the above
.
(c) zygote, gastrula
(d) blastula, embryo
Which of the following is NOT a result of cell specialization?
a) complex organization
(b) eukaryotic cell structure
(c) true organs
e) these are all a result of cell specialization
(d) intelligence
The difference between an animal with a coelom and one with a pseudocoelom is that the second one
a) has a peritoneum and mesoderm-lined body cavity
(b) has a peritoneum but lacks a mesoderm-lined
body cavity
(c) lacks a peritoneum, but has a mesoderm-lined body cavity
d) has a mesoderm-lined body cavity but no gut
(e) lacks both a peritoneum and a mesoderm-lined
body cavity 5. What is the nerve tube and from what layer of cells does it form?
6. What is a blastopore? Depending on the animal, what will the blastopore become?
7. Are the cells of the mesoderm 2n or n? Explain.
8. What does the term differentiation mean?
9. What do we call the first few divisions of the zygote? What process must occur to allow these
divisions?
10. Why is the gastrula about the same size as the zygote?
15. As cells in an organism become more specialized, what ability do they lose?
23. Describe reproduction in the sponges.
30. How does the gastro vascular cavity of cnidarians differ from the channels in a sponge?
33. Why are the cell layers of sponges not considered to be true tissues while those of cnidarians are?
34. Why are sponges considered simpler organisms than cnidarians?
48. Describe the earthworm’s primitive “heart.”
51. Storage of food in the earthworm takes place in the
a) esophagus
(b) crop
(c) gizzard
(d) intestine
In earthworms, the function of nephridia is to
*a) excrete nitrogen waste from the blood
(b) excrete undigested food from the body
(c) absorb
water from the environment
(d) sense light
52. Which of the following terms best describes the difference between earthworms and leeches?
a) parasite
(b) segmented
(c) circulatory system 1
(d) annelid
53. Which of the following does not have a body cavity?
a) planaria
(b) earthworm
(c) leech
(d) they all have a body cavity
63. For quick escapes, cephalopods direct a jet of water through the
a) mantle cavity
(b) siphon
(c) mouth
(d) tentacles
The foot of most bivalves is specialized for
*a) burrowing
(b) crawling
(c) swimming
(d) feeding
68. Unlike sponges and cnidarians, flatworms have
a) three germ layers
(b) bilateral symmetry
(c) organs and systems
(d) all of the above
69. Like cnidarians, planarians have a digestive cavity with
a) separate mouth and anus
(b) tiny multiple openings
(c) a single opening
(d) very little
branching
70. Planarians have eyespots which allow them to
a) move toward light
(b) move away from light
(c) locate prey
(d) avoid predators
71. A characteristic that distinguishes annelids from other worms is
a) cephalization
(b) bilateral symmetry
(c) presence of a true nervous system
(d) segmentation
(e) all of the above
72. Two features which characterize phylum Nematoda are
a) one-way digestive tract and body cavity
(b) body cavity and radial symmetry
(c) one-way
digestive tract with no body cavity
(d) two-way digestive tract and a body cavity
73. The fluid filled cavity of an earthworm is called a
a) coelom
(b) peritoneum
(c) pseudocoelom
(d) endoderm
74. Complete the table
Trait
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Shape of cross section
Segmentation
Type of digestive tract
Body cavity
Number of germ layers
Separate sexes ?
An animal which can be divided into equal halves by passing a plane through the central axis in any
direction has _____ symmetry
a) lateral
*(b) radial
(c) bilateral
(d) spherical
(e) no
Use the following information to answer the following four questions:
An aquatic organism has a smooth, flattened body. No hooks or suckers are present and no respiratory
tissues are found. A simple head contains two eye spots and two nerve swellings from which extend two
ventral nerve cords. The mouth is at the tip of a pharynx, which leads to a gut with three branches. The
gut contains decaying animal tissues and small crustaceans.
156
Which of the following is NOT an ectoderm?
a) lizard
(b) trout
(c) frog
(d) robin
(e) shark
Some insects have evolved a system of outer pores which lead to open channels in the body to
a) improve blood circulation
(b) aid in reproduction
(c) increase the secretion of wastes
d) removes wastes from the blood
(e) increase the availability of oxygen
The thorax of an insect
a) is specialized for feeding
(b) has antennae
(c) contains most of the internal organs
d) is not segmented
(e) is specialized for locomotion
The three groups of living fish are classified on the basis of
a) method of fertilization and embryonic development
(b) type of fins and scales
(c) presence or
absence of jaws and type of skeleton
(d) number of gills and the presence or absence of a swim
bladder
e) all of the above
Most amphibians do not grow to a large size because increased size results in
a) decreased respiration
(b) increased gas exchange
(c) increased water loss by evaporation
d) internal fertilization
(e) all of the above
The amount of blood which is oxygenated that reaches the reptilian lungs is
a) none
(b) some
(c) most
(d) all
(e) impossible to say
Which of the following is NOT required for maintaining a high internal body temperature in cool
environments ?
a) high metabolism
(b) fast digestion
(c) large oxygen supply
(d) large food supply
e) all of these are required
Oxygen and nutrient transport in a bird is
a) about the same as that in a reptile
(b) more efficient than that in an amphibian
(c) less efficient
than that in a bony fish
(d) less efficient than that in a mammal
(e) none of the above
You discover an animal fossil from the Jurassic Period. The fossil indicates that the animal was a
carnivore, with a relatively small brain, and was carrying young at the time of death. The animal was
probably
a) a reptile
(b) a marsupial (c) a placental mammal
(d) amphibian
(e) impossible to say
Which of the following is NOT a subphylum of chordates?
a) Invertebrata
(b) Urochordata
(c) Cephalochordata
subphyla of chordates
(d) Vertebrata
(e) these are all
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of urochordates?
a) invertebrate
(b) no cephalization
(c) have gill slits
(d) are motile
e) these are all characteristics of urochordates
The feature which is unique to chordates is
a) bilateral symmetry
(b) cephalization
tissue
(e) gill slits
(c) true coelom
(d) segmentation of muscle and nerve
Which of the following structures has openings at some time in chordate development?
a) pharynx
(b) ventral nerve cord
(c) notochord
(d) dorsal nerve cord
(e) none of the above
Which of the following characteristics separates the cephalochordates from the urochordates?
a) possession of a head
(b) gill slits
(c) dorsal nerve cord (d) vertebrae (e) notochord
Which of the following endoskeletal characteristics is of advantage only to vertebrates?
a) protects internal organs
(b) provides structural support
(c) is able to bend
d) can grow with the organism
(e) provides protection from predators
157
Insects far outnumber the crustaceans, and have a greater diversity of species. This is probably
because
a) insects develop by metamorphosis, while crustaceans usually molt (b) terrestrial environments are
more varied than aquatic environments
(c) insects have a clearly segmented body, while some
segments are fused in the crustaceans
crustaceans
e) insects are more cephalized
(d) the appendages of insects are more varied than those of the
158
Insects have remained small in size for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
a) their failure to evolve lungs
(b) the bulk of the exoskeleton
(c) their method of circulation and
gas exchange
(d) the inability to get gases to a large volume of cells
(e) these are all reasons
159
The most important development of osteichthyes over chondrichthyes is
a) paired fins
(b) gills
(c) moveable jaw
(d) swim bladder
(e) closed circulation
160
Complex behaviour in birds can be directly related to their
a) reproductive habits
(b) ability to fly
(c) four chambered heart
e) all of the above
The millipede is considered more simple than the dragonfly because the
a) dragonfly larvae is hatched in the water
(b) millipede cannot fly
d) millipede is highly segmented
(e) dragonfly is larger
(d) large cerebrum
(c) millipede has many legs
161
Osteichthyes have a skeleton made primarily from
a) chitin
(b) cartilage
(c) cellulose
(d) keratin
(e) bone
162
Most adult urochordates
a) are motile
(b) have a notochord
(c) are filter feeders
(d) have a well-developed endoskeleton
163
In the embryo, the chordate nervous system develops from the
a) ectoderm
(b) mesoderm
(c) endoderm
(d) notochord
As adults, cephalochordates have
a) gill slits
(b) a notochord
(c) a dorsal nerve chord
(d) all of the above
164
What chordate characteristic is retained in the adult urochordate?
a) gill slits
(b) nerve cord
(c) notochord
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above
165
During development, which structure develops into vertebrae?
a) dorsal nerve cord
(b) gill slits (duh!)
(c) ventral nerve cord
above
(d) notochord
(e) none of the
166
The skeleton of vertebrates is made of
a) bone
(b) cartilage
(c) chitin
(d) both a and b
(e) neither a nor b
167
One trend of vertebrates involves
a) movement from land to water
(b) change to open circulation
d) change to closed circulation
(c) movement from water to land
168
An animal whose notochord and dorsal nerve disappear as an adult, and that remains sessile for its life
is most likely in the sub-phylum
a) Urochordata
(b) Cephalochordata
(c) Vertebrata
(d) impossible to say
169
What characteristic do all chordates have that no other animals have?
a) bilateral symmetry
(b) a true coelom
(c) a notochord
(d) bones protecting the nerve chord
Use the following key to match each of the following statements to the appropriate sub-phylum
a) urochordates
(b) cephalochordates
(c) vertebrates
(d) none of the chordates
e) all of the chordates
170
marine, mostly sessile, notochord and dorsal nerve present only in embryos
171
closed circulatory system
172
marine, notochord, gills slits, and dorsal nerve present throughout life
173
dorsal nerve cord protected by bone
174
gill slits present as embryo
Complete the table by placing a check in boxes where appropriate
Gills
Paired
Fins
Jaws
Bony
Skeleton
Ectotherm
Gill Covers
(operculum)
Lateral
Line
Agnatha
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
175
Which of the following is NOT a function of the feathers?
a) attracting a mate
(b) balancing during flight
(c) feeding of the young
body temperature
(d) maintaining high
176
Only mammals
a) bear live young
(b) are endothermic
(c) have mammary glands
heart
(e) both a and b
(f) both a and c
(d) have a four chambered
During the process of
, the immature insect looks notably different from the adult
a) complete metamorphosis
(b) incomplete metamorphosis
(c) molting
d) parthenogenesis
An active frog can increase its rate of gas exchange by
a) increasing gas exchange through its skin
(b) opening its mouth
its lungs
(d) all of the above
(c) increasing the surface area of
The part of the frog brain that is specialized to receive information about smell is the
a) optic lobe
(b) cerebellum
(c) olfactory lobe
(d) cerebrum
A frog sees an insect fly by and quickly catches it. The part of the brain involved is
a) optic lobe
(b) cerebellum
(c) cerebrum
(d) all of the above
The group of vertebrates which first inhabited land were the
a) amphibians
(b) reptiles
(c) mammals
(d) lancelets
The heads of monotremes resemble the heads of
a) amphibians
(b) reptiles
(c) birds
(d) marsupials
The adult vertebrate body is composed PRIMARILY of tissues that have developed from embryonic
a) ectoderm
(b) mesoderm
(c) endoderm
(d) a combination of ectoderm, endoderm, and
mesoderm
Which of the following is NOT a class in Chordata?
a) Aves
(b) Agnatha
(c) Crustacea
(d) Reptilia
(e) Mammalia
Animals that carry out external fertilization must have this adaptation in order to ensure success
(a) laying of eggs in water
(b) have protective shell around eggs
(c) laying of large numbers of
eggs
(d) complex behavioral patterns
The fluid filled sac that develops around the embryo in
(a) yolk sac (b) amnion (c) allantois (d) chorion
human development is the
The membrane in the egg structure that lies very close to the shell is the
(a) allantois (b) yolk sac (c) amnion (d) chorion
2. One of the main functions of the circulatory system is the exchanges that take place in the
a) heart
(b) arteries
(c) veins
(d) arterioles
(e) capillaries
12. What evidence of cephalization is seen in the insects?
13. What adaptations to feeding are seen in the insects?
15. What is meant by parthenogenesis?
44. Where in an adult amphibian might a red blood cell pick up oxygen?
What may have contributed to the evolution of vertebrates that could survive on land?
At the end of the Paleozoic era, the swamps that covered much of the land surfaces were drying out.
Explain what effect this may have had on the reptiles.
The esophagus and intestine of the crayfish are lined with a chitinous exoskeleton. Only the stomach is
lined with endoderm. What problem does this present to the animal when it is time to molt?
Mimics which taste good are usually present in much smaller numbers than the bad-tasting insects they
resemble. Why is it important for the mimic to maintain a relatively small population?
Certain sensory cell sin the eyes of the frog have been shown to send signals to the frog’s brain when the
general level of light drops quickly. These signals are processed by the brain which then sends a signal to
the hind legs, causing the frog to jump (probably a reflex arc). Explain the significance of this system.
1. Explain the three forms of camouflage seen in the insects.
(value: 3)
2. Explain how respiration in aves is adapted for flight.
(value: 5)
3. Explain the developments made by reptiles to enable life on land.
4. Describe the important structures in the eggs of birds.
(value: 4)
(value: 4)
II. List the following in order of correct developmental sequence:
cleavage, embryo, zygote, adult, meiosis, gastrula, fertilization, blastula
(value: 5)
III. On you own paper, complete the table below by giving a fact for each category. (value: 24)
General
Porifera
Nervous System
Digestion/Excretion
Gas Exchange
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Bonus: For the three classes in phylum Mollusca, state what the name means and give an example of each
(value: 6)
Complete the following table to show the developments of each of the classes in the categories of
Respiration, Circulation, Reproduction, and Other Adaptations. You will get marks only for showing the
advances made by each class.
(value: 16)
Respiration
Circulation
Reproduction
Other Adaptations
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
III. Short answer
1. Explain how aves are adapted for flight.
(value: 5)
2. Explain the developments made by reptiles to enable life on land.
(value: 8)
Draw an animal with bilateral symmetry and label all parts of its body (anterior, etc.)
(7)
One Friday night you’re explaining the evolutionary relationships seen in animals to one of your friends
but he isn’t getting it.
a) Describe how you would explain the trend in animals from very simple to more complex. Be sure to
mention the things you would look at to determine complexity. (4)
b) VERY BRIEFLY list the specific major developments seen in each of the animal phyla we studied in
class (Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata). (7)
c) Outline the developments seen in the vertebrate classes (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes,
Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia). (7)
1. b
2. e
3. a
4. d
5. e
6. c
7. a
8. a
9. b
10. a
11. c
12. b
13. e
14. d
15. d
16. c
17. d
18. b
19. b
20. c
21. c
22. c
23. b
24. a
25. d
26. e
27. e
28. b
29. b
30. d
31. b
32. e
33. e
34. c
35. a
36. b
37. e
38. c
39. c
40. e
41. e
42. e
43. e
44. a
45. d
46. b
47. e
48. d
49. d
50. b
51. b
52. d
53. b
54. a
55. a
56. b
57. e
58. a
59. b
60. e
61. b
62. b
63. b
64. b
65. e
66. d
67. c
68. a
69. e
70. b
71. a
72. b
73. e
74. c
75. c
76. b
77. b
78. e
79. c
80. a
81. e
82. d
83. a
84. c
85. b
86. b
87. c
88. d
89. c
90. e
91. a
92. f
93. b
94. a
95. b
96. c
97. a
98. e
99. e
100. e
101. a
102. a
103. e
104. e
105. d
106. c
107. e
108. b
109. c
110. a
111. a
112. b
113. c
114. d
115. b
116. c
117. b
118. a
119. a
120. d
121. a
122. a
123. d
124. e
125. c
126. c
127. d
128. e
129. b
130. a
131. b
132. a
133. d
134. c
135. d
136. a
137. c
138. b
139. e
140. d
141. b
142. c
143. e
144. c
145. a
146. b
147. a
148. e
149. c
150. b
151. d
152. b
153. d
154. b
155. a
156. d
157. b
158. a
159. d
160. d
161. e
162. c
163. a
164. a
165. d
166. d
167. c
168. a
169. c
170. a
171. c
172. b
173. c
174. e
175. c
176. c