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Surface Processes & Landscapes Drawing I. Weathering – The ______________________ and _________________________ break down of __________ into smaller pieces called __________________________. 1. Ranging in sizes from -/+ 0.00001 ______ to 25____ cm A. Two methods of weathering: 1. Physical - Physical ______________________ break down rock into smaller and smaller _________________________________, involving no chemical change. (1) Mechanical weathering: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ a) Causes of Physical Weathering – (1) ___________________________________________________________ - Exfoliation (a) Rocks are heated by the sun; causing the _____________________ rock layer to ______________________. (b) As temperatures _________________________ at night, rocks _______________ and ________________________. (c) This __________________ of heating and cooling causes the surface of the rock to break off in _______________________________. (2) _______________________________________ - Frost Wedging (a) ___________________ seeps into the _____________________ of rocks, when the water _______________________ it _______________________ and later melts, only to freeze again. (b) This cycle of ____________________________________________________ causes the rocks to _______________________________________. (3) _______________________________________________- Plant roots (a) _________________ roots and some shrubs grow through the ______________ in rocks. (b) Moss and lichen use mineral grains to take root. (4) _________________/____________________ - abrasion (a) Water - Sediments carried by ______________________, collide into each other and the ___________________________. (i) ___________________ and ____________________ (b) Wind – blown particles _______________________ into each other and the surrounding rock. (i) _____________________ and ______________________ 2. Chemical – Any process that causes rock to break down by __________________________________ and results in a __________________ in the mineral/chemical _____________________________. (1) Chemical Weathering: _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ b) Causes of Chemical Weathering – (1) Carbonation- ___________ (in the atmosphere) _______________________ in the water droplets that make up __________________. (a) A weak carbonic ________________ forms. (b) Some rocks and minerals _________________ with carbonic acid. (i) _______________________________________________________________________ (2) Hydration- ___________________ dissolves certain rock forming minerals. (a) _____________________________ weathers into __________________ when dissolved by water, causing the rock to _________________________________ (b) Other minerals, like ______________________, are left behind as _____________ or other sized sediment. (3) Oxidation- when _______________________ from the atmosphere ____________________ with certain elements. (a) ________________ + Oxygen = Iron Oxide ( ________________) (b) Causes corrosion and _________________________ of rock. (4) _________________Acids - weak ________________ produced by plants can dissolve minerals in the rock; making the rock ____________________. (5) __________________________ acids - _______________ produced by industries, can dissolve into the water droplets of a cloud to produce ______________________. (a) H2SO4 – Sulfuric Acid, HNO3 – Nitric Acid 3. Rates of Weathering – Time and products of weathering depend on many different variables. a) ____________________________ - the ________________________ factor that affects the rate of weathering and ____________________________ features. (1) Temperature: (a) Warmer climates; more __________________________ action. (b) Colder climates; more _____________________ action. (2) _________________________: (a) _________________________ precipitation; more frost action. (b) Increased precipitation; more ______________________ weathering. (3) Landscapes: ____________________ and different ________________________________ processes cause landscapes to develop differently. (a) _______________________ weathering is most rapid in warm, moist/___________________________ climates. (i) _______________________________________________________________ (b) _______________________ weathering is more common in dry/____________ climates. (i) _____________________________________________________________________ b) ______________________________________ Weathering – (1) __________________________ types of __________________ cause differential weathering. (a) Softer, less weather- __________________________ rocks wear away. (b) Leaves harder, _________________ weather-resistant rocks behind (2) Surface Area Vs. ____________________________________________ (a) ____________________________ takes place on the ________________________ surface of rocks. (b) The more surface area that is ___________________________, the ______________ the rocks will be _________________________________ (c) As a rock breaks into ________________________ pieces, its ___________________ ______________ increases. (i) The _____________ of weathering __________________________ Increasing Surface Area Over Time 4. ________________________________ of Weathering – Sediment & Soil a) Sediment – (1) Solid _____________________________________ of _______________________________ and organic material that come __________________ the __________________________________ of rock which are eroded and ____________________________ by wind, ______________ or ice. (2) Sediment names: Boulders, _____________________, pebbles, sand, ______________, clay (3) Sediment Sizes: ESRT’s pg _____ Name of Sediment Boulders Cobbles Pebbles Sand Silt Clay Size (cm) 6.4 cm 0.006 cm Less than 0.0004 cm Less than 0.0001 cm b) Soil – (1) Combination of _______________________________ rock and organic matter. (a) ___________________: ______________________ plant and animal material found in soil. (2) Soil develops over____________________, through ______________________________ processes. (3) _____________________________ vs. Transported Soil (a) Residual – The soil formed in its current location. (i) The bedrock ____________________ the rock fragments in Horizon C . (b) _____________________________________ - soil formed in a different area and was deposited in its current location; does not match up with rock fragments in ___________________________________. (4) Soil _____________________: _____________ or _____ horizon: more humus than other layers _____________ or _______ horizon: contains clays and dissolved minerals _____________ from above. ___ horizon: contains weathered rocks, usually from_____________ Bedrock: layer of rock__________ soil II. Erosion & Deposition – A. __________________________: the process by which weathered ____________________________ are carried or _____________________. 1. A ___________________ or ______________________________________________________________________ sediment from one place to another. a) Running _______________, waves, ________________, glaciers, and ____________________ B. ___________________________: the process by which _______________________ is dropped or _______________________________. 1. Deposition can occur when: a) __________________________________________________ b) The _______________________________ of running water (or wind) decreases. c) The discharge/__________________________ of water decreases. 1. Size – As the _______________ of a sediment _______________________________, the ______________ (speed) of deposition _______________________, and erosion __________________________________ 2. Density – As the density of a sediment increases, the rate of deposition will ____________________________, and ______________________ will _______________________________ 3. Shape – As a sediment becomes more ________________________, the rate of _____________________ will ________________________________, and __________________________ will _________________________________ Rate of Deposition Rate of Deposition Rate of Deposition C. Factors that affect the rate of erosion & deposition: D. Agents of Erosion & Deposition: 1. Gravity - a downward ______________________ acting on all sediments; __________________ sediments down slopes. a) Erosion - _________________________________________________ (1) The _____________________________________________________________________________ of sediments by ______________________________. (a) Landslides, mudslides, _____________________, etc… b) Deposition that results- _________________________ (1) __________________________________ sediment found at the _____________ of steep __________________________ walls/____________. c) _______________________ may act alone or with other transporting ________ (1) Gravity causes: (a) Water to flow ____________________________ (b) ______________________ to flow down a ________________________ or spread _______________________. (c) Winds; by pulling _____________________ air underneath ___________________________air. 2. Wind – The horizontal movement of air along Earth’s surface; due to changing air _______________________________________. a) Erosion: (1) The amount of wind __________________________ depends on particle size, wind speed & _______________________________________________________________. b) Deposition: (1) Well __________________________ and ___________________________ sediments c) Weathering: Causes __________________________ rock surfaces, and angular ________ _________________. III. Running Water – The ____________________________ form of ____________________________ A. Rain: 1. When precipitation falls onto Earth’s surface, several things can happen to the water. a) ______________________________: water ___________________________________ land, to bodies of water b) _____________________________: water ______________________________________ the ground c) ______________________________________ & ________________________________________ d) Stored in ponds/lakes and_______________________________ B. Rivers & Streams 1. ____________________________ Basin: __________________________________ a) The area of land drained by a ___________________________________________ (1) River System: a main river and its ____________________________ (a) Tributaries: a smaller __________________ that ______________ into a _______________ one. (2) NYS Watersheds: Letter Watershed Main River A St. Lawrence B Susquehanna Chesapeake C E Mohawk Champlain St. Lawrence H I Allegheny Erie Ohio St. Lawrence (3) Stream Drainage __________________________ & _________________________________ (a) Radial: From the top of a circular volcano or dome ___________________ (b) Rectangular: ____________________, tilted or folded strata. (c) Annular: A dome with upturned layers. (d) Dendritic: Usually found on flat laying strata or uniform bedrock of uniform type. Description Landscape Drainage Pattern 2. Stream Factors That Cause ____________________ a) _______________________________ of water (1) The volume (___________________) of water in a stream is its _______________________. (2) As ______________________ increases; the rate of erosion also _____________________. (3) Factors that affect volume/_______________________ (a) _________________________: Spring Vs Fall; usually greater volume in the ___________________. (b) Climate: _________________ vs ______________________; usually ___________________ volumes in humid climates. (c) Weather: daily changes in ___________________________________ affect the volume of a stream. (d) ____________________/________________: Sautrated vs. _________________________; greater volume/discharge around ___________________________ soil. b) _________________________________ of water (1) Stream velocity describes how __________________ the water is moving ________________________________________________________________ (2) As the _____________________ of a stream increases; the rate of erosion also ____________________________. (3) Factors that affect stream velocity (a) ______________________: how quickly ___________________________ changes. (i) As gradient/elevation increases; stream _______________________ will ____________________________. (b) Volume: how much water flows passed a certain point. (i) As the _________________________ of a stream increases; stream velocity will also _____________________________. c) Stream _______________________________: the ________________ that a stream follows (1) When a stream flows through its channel; its ______________________ will change due to the ___________________________ /shape of the channel. (a) The curves/___________________ in a stream channel are called ______________________________. (2) Stream Channel Erosion – (a) At the __________________________ of the curve, the streams __________________ _______________________________, therefore _________________________ occurs. (b) At the ____________________________ of the curve, the streams ________________ _______________________________, therefore ____________________________ occurs. (3) Stream ___________________________________________________ (a) Rate of _____________________________ = Rate of _______________________________ 3. Streams and sediment transport a) Stream load: the amount of ____________________________ that a stream can “_______________________.” b) Types of stream transport: (1) ____________________________: minerals ___________________________ in water. (2) Suspension: small particles carried ________________________________________________ (3) ____________________________: larger particles rolling and bouncing _______________ __________________________________ (a) Particle Size vs. Stream Velocity: pg ______ of ESRT (i) What is the largest size sediment that can be transported by a stream in which the water velocity is..? (a) 10 cm/sec: _____________________________ (b) 50 cm/sec: ____________________________ (c) 200 cm/sec: _____________________________ 4. Stream Deposition Patterns: a) Running Water: Stream ____________________ (1) When one body of water enters another, its ________________________will ________________________________, therefore the_____________________________________ of ______________________________ occurs. (2) Deltas - A deposit at the ____________________ of a stream, where a river/stream enters a ___________________ body of water. (3) Sediment Deposits: (a) Horizontal: bigger more dense sediment deposits __________________to the mouth of a river, followed by smaller, less ________________ sediment further out. (b) Vertical: Bigger, heavier sediment deposits __________________ and settles to the bottom, smaller sediment is deposited on top in decreasing size. b) _________________ Fans: stream deposition on land 5. Stream Landscape Features: Youthful, Mature, Old a) Youthful: Increased erosion, _________________________ channels no meanders. b) Mature: Floodplains, multiple _________________________, broader channels c) Old: Meandering, slow moving, shallow, broad floodplains, with ______________ lakes (1) The Formation of an Oxbow lake: _______________________ & ___________________ Your Landscape Deposition Erosion IV. Glaciers – large masses of ______________________________________________________________ A. Types of Glaciers: 1. _____________________/Alpine – a) Form in mountain _________________________________________________________________________ (1) Ex: ______________, Rockies, Himalayas, _______________________. 2. Continental – a) Form over vast ______________________________________________________ (1) Ex: __________________________________, __________________________________ B. Glacial Erosion & Deposition: 1. Valley Glaciers – a) The _____________________ moves _______________________________________________ the sides. (1) There is more _____________________ on the ___________________ of the glacier, where the ice meets valley walls. (a) Causes side advancing motion to __________________________________, and ______________________ of the rock walls. b) Erosion – freezing and _____________________________________ (1) __________________________________ are _____________________________ and carried in the ______________ as the glacier ______________________________. (2) Erratic: A _________________________________ found near no other rocks. c) Deposition – Sediments are dropped during thawing/________________________ (1) Moraine: ____________________________ rock material is carried and ________________ by a glacier as it retreats/___________________. (a) Lateral: unsorted rock on the _________________, along the valley _______________. (b) Medial: unsorted rock ________ the glacier in the ___________________ (i) Resulting from the _____________________ of two smaller valley glaciers. (c) Ground: ______________________ rock _________________ underneath the glacier. (d) _____________________/End: unsorted rock trapped at the ___________________ _____________; “end” of the glacier 2. Landscape features resulting from glacial erosion & d a) Valley ___________________ – Stream & River Valleys Vs. Glacial Valleys (1) Streams & Rivers: (a) Create _____________________________ valleys, due to waters ability to erode and cut into rock. (2) Alpine Glaciers: (a) Create ___________________________________ valleys, due to ice pushing sediment forward, as it ________________________________ (b) Continental Glacial Features – (i) __________________ - a cone-shaped hill made of sediment carried to the edge of a glacier by melt water. (ii) __________________ - an oval shaped hill of glacial moraine. (iii) __________________ - large boulder deposited by ice (iv) __________________ - a lake formed when a block of glacial ice melts. (v) ___________________ - a stream that is divided into an interlocking system of channels. (vi) ____________________ - layers of sediment deposited by the meltwaters of glacial ice. (vii) ___________________- loose rock carried by a glacier and finally deposited in the form of a ridge or belt. It marks the farthest point reached by the glacier. (viii) ___________________- glacial material deposited as the glacier retreats. (ix) ______________________ - a ridge-like hill of deposits resulting from a stream flowing in a tunnel under the glacier. C. Ice ages: continental glaciers 1. There is evidence of at least _________ major ______________________ during the last ________________________________ years. a) The most recent ice age ended _________________ years ago. 2. Local landscapes affected by glacial erosion & deposition a) Genesee River: redirected by glacial melt waters and flows into ___________________________________; a glacial lake. b) Niagara Falls: started as a waterfall by the town of _______________________________ (1) Throughout geologic time the falls have moved ________________ towards ______________________. (2) As the falls _____________________ through the bedrock, certain layers have been eroded more than others; due to _______________________________ weathering. c) Great Lakes: formed during ancient ice ages from ________________________ (1) H.O.M.E.S – d) Finger Lakes – formed during the last ice age from ___________________________ (1) Seneca, Cayuga, Keuka, Otisco, Owasco, Canadice, Canandaigua, Honeoye, Hemlock, Conesus, Skaneateles. D. Mapping Landscapes – Field Maps 1. ___________________________ - a region of space or an ___________________ that has a measurable ___________________________, of a given property, at every __________________________. a) _________________________________ - lines on a field map _______________________________________ all the points of the ___________________________________________________________. a) Property - _________________________ d) Property - _________________________ b) Iso-__________________ e) Iso-__________________ c) Temp for NYS - ____________ f) Storms in NYS - ____________ 2. _________________________________________ Maps – Elevation Fields – Show the ____________________________________________ of the land by using contour lines. a) Elevation: the distance ______________________________________________________________________. b) _______________________________ line – Isoline on a map connecting points of the same ____________________________________________. 1) Elevation at A: ___________________ 2) Elevation at B: ___________________ 3) Elevation at C: ___________________ c) Contour _________________________________ - The _____________________________________________ in elevation __________________________________________________________________ two consecutive contour lines. (1) __________________________ Contour Line - Heavy, ________________________ contour line, usually with numerical value for elevation _________________________. (2) _________________________________________ Contour Line - indicate a hole or _________________________ on the surface. (a) Marked inside; _______________________________marks a) Contour Interval: ___________________ b) Highest Possible elevation: __________ c) Steepest Side: __________________________ ________________________________ (3) The _________________________________________ - Contour lines _________________________ ________________________________; where they cross a river. indicates the ___________________ the river is _______________ d) Basic Features and Topographic Map Symbols (1) Elevation (2) Steepness/ ______________________________ (3) Shape of the land (4) Bench Mark (_____________) - Marker ____________________________________ indicating the _________________________ elevation above sea level. (5) __________________ Elevations – elevations of intersections, hilltops, lakes… Marked with a __________________. (6) Natural and man-made feature symbols. e) Drawing Contour Lines f) Creating a ________________________________ of a Topographic Map Place a sheet of scrap paper on the map; connecting points A and B. Mark the location and value of each contour line that intersects with your scrap paper. Move scrap paper to bottom of graph, mark the values of the lines from their exact locations on the scrap paper Connect points with a smooth line 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 g) _______________________________ - the ____________________ at which elevation ____________________ between two locations (1) Formula: (2) Calculate gradient between the following points (a) AC (b) BD (c) BE (d) FC Radial: A circular volcano or dome mountain. EX: the rim of The Adirondacks Rectangular: Faulted, tilted, or folded strata. EX: Finger Lakes, Central Adirondacks Annular: Dome with upturned layers. EX: Esopus Creek, NY Black Hill, SD Dendritic: Usually found on Flat lying strata or uniform bedrock type. EX: Appalachian Plateau, NY