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Table S1 – Traits and their attributes used to identify functional drivers of native vs. non-native species frequency in Germany (Klotz et al. 2002; Kühn et al. 2004; http://www.ufz.de/biolflor) Trait Trait attributes of Explanation Species number categorical traits/ Units available for of continuous traits analysis End of flowering season Month Length of flowering season Number Shows the month of the year a species stops flowering of 3060 months Shows in how many months of the year a species is flowering 3060 Annual The individual cycle lasts for a maximum of 1 year 685 Biennial The plant grows for c. 1 year vegetatively before reaching the generative phase 207 (integer) Life span after which it completes its life cycle Ploidy Self-compatibility Shoot metamorphoses Perennial The plant has more than one generative phase in its life 2590 Diploid Species having two copies of each chromosome 1763 Polyploid Species having more than two copies of each chromosome 1272 Self-compatible Species that are able to pollinate themselves 1889 Self-incompatible Species that are not able to pollinate themselves 404 Shoot metamorphoses and storage organs share most of their categories; for example, rhizomes can be both shoots and storage organs. However, not every rhizome is a storage organ – i.e. species with rhizomes that are no storage organs are classified as having rhizomes as shoot metamorphoses but no (or another) storage organ. Without Without any shoot metamorphosis 1111 Runner Lateral shoot with long internodes and adventitious roots that allows a plant to 947 place its offspring away from the parent plant Rhizome Shoot with short internodes and adventitious roots, located subterranean or close 848 to the soil surface. Allows a plant to place its offspring away from the parent plant. Intermediate Shoot metamorphoses that can neither be summarized under “species able to 137 place its offspring away from the parent plant ” nor under “species not able to place its offspring away from the parent plant” – intermediate types Pleiocorm System of compact, perennial shoots evolving from the primary root. The 375 connections between the shoots and the primary root are persistent. Does not allow a plant to place its offspring away from the parent plant. Immobile-else Other shoot metamorphoses that do not allow a plant to place its offspring away 98 from the parent plant. Bulb Compressed part of a shoot with storage function. Does not allow a plant to place 58 its offspring away from the parent plant. Storage organs For difference between storage organs and shoot metamorphoses, see description for shoot metamorphoses. Without Without any storage organs 1245 Runner Lateral shoot with long internodes and adventitious roots that has a storage 561 function and allows a plant to place its offspring away from the parent plant Rhizome Shoot with short internodes and adventitious roots, located subterranean or close 847 to the soil surface. Has a storage function and allows a plant to place its offspring away from the parent plant. Intermediate Storage organs that can neither be summarized under “species able to place its 136 offspring away from the parent plant” nor under “species not able to place its offspring away from the parent plant” – intermediate types Pleiocorm System of compact, perennial shoots with storage function evolving from the 374 primary root. The connections between the shoots and the primary root are persistent. Does not allow a plant to place its offspring away from the parent plant. Primary storage root Thickened primary root with a storage function. Does not allow a plant to place its offspring away from the parent plant. 265 Immobile-else Other kinds of storage organs that do not allow a plant to place its offspring away 342 from the parent plant. Bulb Compressed part of a shoot with storage function. Does not allow a plant to place 58 its offspring away from the parent plant. Vegetative reproduction Yes Species that reproduce only vegetatively, species that reproduce more often 1725 (equivalent to vegetatively than by seeds or spores, and species that reproduce vegetatively and “Independence in by seeds/spores in similar amounts reproduction with seeds” Seldom used by Küster et al. 2008) Affinity to urban areas Species that normally reproduce by seeds or spores, but are also able to switch to 132 vegetative reproduction when necessary. No Species that only reproduce by seeds or spores 1407 Urbanophobic Species occurring only or mostly outside of urban areas (Wittig et al. 1985) 2072 Urbanoneutral Species occurring with similar amounts in both urban and non-urban areas 275 (Wittig et al. 1985) Number of hemerobic levels Urbanophilic Species occurring only or mostly within urban areas (Wittig et al. 1985) Integer based on 7 levels: Shows in how many hemerobic levels a species occurs. Hemeroby summarises 2681 the degree of anthropogenic habitat transformation away from the habitats natural state. 306 Number of habitat types Ahemerobic No anthropogenic influence; no transformation. Oligohemerobic Low level of transformation, e.g. extensive grazing, semi-natural heath-land Mesohemerobic Extensively managed forests, meadows and pastures -euhemerobic Intensively managed forests, and meadows or pastures -euhemerobic Intensively managed agricultural habitats, species-poor lawns and forests Polyhemerobic Intensively and permanent transformation (e.g. railtrack habitats) Metahemerobic Completely destroyed habitats (e.g. poisoned or completely sealed) Integer Shows in how many habitat types a species occurs (Haeupler & Muer 2000). 3084 Habitat types are, for example: freshwater-tide areas or bush- and shrublands. In contrast to vegetation formations and vegetation units, habitat types classify species according to the abiotic conditions in which they occur. Number of vegetation Integer formations Shows in how many vegetation formations a species occurs (Schubert et al. 2733 2001). A vegetation formation is, for example: Forests & woods. In contrast to habitat types, vegetation formations classify species according to the species they typically co-occur with. Number of vegetation units Integer Subdivision of vegetation formations: Shows in how many vegetation units a 2733 species occurs (Schubert et al. 2001). A vegetation unit is, for example: Birch- oak forest (within the vegetation formation of forests & woods). In contrast to habitat types, vegetation units, as formations, classify species according to the species they typically co-occur with. Interaction end of flowering End of flowering season See above See above season with ploidy Ploidy See above See above Interaction end of flowering End of flowering season See above See above season with shoot Shoot metamorphosis See above See above flowering See above See above metamorphosis Interaction length of Length of flowering season with pollen season vector Insect pollinated Pollinated by insects 2376 Self-pollinated Spontaneous self-pollination within a plant individual 1771 Wind-pollinated Pollinated by wind 658 Haeupler H. & Muer T. (2000). Bildatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Ulmer, Stuttgart. Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (2002). BiolFlor - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde, 38, 1-333. Kühn I., Durka W. & Klotz S. (2004). BiolFlor - a new plant-trait database as a tool for plant invasion ecology. Divers. Distrib., 10, 363-365. Küster E.C., Kühn I., Bruelheide H. & Klotz S. (2008). Trait interactions help explain plant invasion success in the German flora. J. Ecol., 96, 860-868. Schubert R., Hilbig W. & Klotz S. (2001). Bestimmungsbuch der Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands. Spektrum, Heidelberg. Wittig R., Diesing D. & Gödde M. (1985). Urbanophob Urbanoneutral Urbanophil - Behavior of Species Concerning the Urban Habitat. Flora, 177, 265-282.