Download Table S1 – Traits and their attributes used to identify functional

Table S1 – Traits and their attributes used to identify functional drivers of native vs. non-native species frequency in Germany (Klotz et al. 2002; Kühn et al.
2004; http://www.ufz.de/biolflor)
Trait
Trait attributes of
Explanation
Species number
categorical traits/ Units
available for
of continuous traits
analysis
End of flowering season
Month
Length of flowering season
Number
Shows the month of the year a species stops flowering
of
3060
months Shows in how many months of the year a species is flowering
3060
Annual
The individual cycle lasts for a maximum of 1 year
685
Biennial
The plant grows for c. 1 year vegetatively before reaching the generative phase 207
(integer)
Life span
after which it completes its life cycle
Ploidy
Self-compatibility
Shoot metamorphoses
Perennial
The plant has more than one generative phase in its life
2590
Diploid
Species having two copies of each chromosome
1763
Polyploid
Species having more than two copies of each chromosome
1272
Self-compatible
Species that are able to pollinate themselves
1889
Self-incompatible
Species that are not able to pollinate themselves
404
Shoot metamorphoses and storage organs share most of their categories; for example, rhizomes can be both shoots and storage
organs. However, not every rhizome is a storage organ – i.e. species with rhizomes that are no storage organs are classified as
having rhizomes as shoot metamorphoses but no (or another) storage organ.
Without
Without any shoot metamorphosis
1111
Runner
Lateral shoot with long internodes and adventitious roots that allows a plant to 947
place its offspring away from the parent plant
Rhizome
Shoot with short internodes and adventitious roots, located subterranean or close 848
to the soil surface. Allows a plant to place its offspring away from the parent
plant.
Intermediate
Shoot metamorphoses that can neither be summarized under “species able to 137
place its offspring away from the parent plant ” nor under “species not able to
place its offspring away from the parent plant” – intermediate types
Pleiocorm
System of compact, perennial shoots evolving from the primary root. The 375
connections between the shoots and the primary root are persistent. Does not
allow a plant to place its offspring away from the parent plant.
Immobile-else
Other shoot metamorphoses that do not allow a plant to place its offspring away
98
from the parent plant.
Bulb
Compressed part of a shoot with storage function. Does not allow a plant to place 58
its offspring away from the parent plant.
Storage organs
For difference between storage organs and shoot metamorphoses, see description for shoot metamorphoses.
Without
Without any storage organs
1245
Runner
Lateral shoot with long internodes and adventitious roots that has a storage
561
function and allows a plant to place its offspring away from the parent plant
Rhizome
Shoot with short internodes and adventitious roots, located subterranean or close 847
to the soil surface. Has a storage function and allows a plant to place its offspring
away from the parent plant.
Intermediate
Storage organs that can neither be summarized under “species able to place its 136
offspring away from the parent plant” nor under “species not able to place its
offspring away from the parent plant” – intermediate types
Pleiocorm
System of compact, perennial shoots with storage function evolving from the
374
primary root. The connections between the shoots and the primary root are
persistent. Does not allow a plant to place its offspring away from the parent
plant.
Primary storage root
Thickened primary root with a storage function. Does not allow a plant to place
its offspring away from the parent plant.
265
Immobile-else
Other kinds of storage organs that do not allow a plant to place its offspring away 342
from the parent plant.
Bulb
Compressed part of a shoot with storage function. Does not allow a plant to place 58
its offspring away from the parent plant.
Vegetative reproduction
Yes
Species that reproduce only vegetatively, species that reproduce more often 1725
(equivalent to
vegetatively than by seeds or spores, and species that reproduce vegetatively and
“Independence in
by seeds/spores in similar amounts
reproduction with seeds”
Seldom
used by Küster et al. 2008)
Affinity to urban areas
Species that normally reproduce by seeds or spores, but are also able to switch to 132
vegetative reproduction when necessary.
No
Species that only reproduce by seeds or spores
1407
Urbanophobic
Species occurring only or mostly outside of urban areas (Wittig et al. 1985)
2072
Urbanoneutral
Species occurring with similar amounts in both urban and non-urban areas 275
(Wittig et al. 1985)
Number of hemerobic levels
Urbanophilic
Species occurring only or mostly within urban areas (Wittig et al. 1985)
Integer based on 7 levels:
Shows in how many hemerobic levels a species occurs. Hemeroby summarises 2681
the degree of anthropogenic habitat transformation away from the habitats
natural state.
306
Number of habitat types
Ahemerobic
No anthropogenic influence; no transformation.
Oligohemerobic
Low level of transformation, e.g. extensive grazing, semi-natural heath-land
Mesohemerobic
Extensively managed forests, meadows and pastures
-euhemerobic
Intensively managed forests, and meadows or pastures
-euhemerobic
Intensively managed agricultural habitats, species-poor lawns and forests
Polyhemerobic
Intensively and permanent transformation (e.g. railtrack habitats)
Metahemerobic
Completely destroyed habitats (e.g. poisoned or completely sealed)
Integer
Shows in how many habitat types a species occurs (Haeupler & Muer 2000). 3084
Habitat types are, for example: freshwater-tide areas or bush- and shrublands. In
contrast to vegetation formations and vegetation units, habitat types classify
species according to the abiotic conditions in which they occur.
Number of vegetation
Integer
formations
Shows in how many vegetation formations a species occurs (Schubert et al. 2733
2001). A vegetation formation is, for example: Forests & woods. In contrast to
habitat types, vegetation formations classify species according to the species they
typically co-occur with.
Number of vegetation units
Integer
Subdivision of vegetation formations: Shows in how many vegetation units a 2733
species occurs (Schubert et al. 2001). A vegetation unit is, for example: Birch-
oak forest (within the vegetation formation of forests & woods). In contrast to
habitat types, vegetation units, as formations, classify species according to the
species they typically co-occur with.
Interaction end of flowering
End of flowering season
See above
See above
season with ploidy
Ploidy
See above
See above
Interaction end of flowering
End of flowering season
See above
See above
season with shoot
Shoot metamorphosis
See above
See above
flowering See above
See above
metamorphosis
Interaction length of
Length
of
flowering season with pollen
season
vector
Insect pollinated
Pollinated by insects
2376
Self-pollinated
Spontaneous self-pollination within a plant individual
1771
Wind-pollinated
Pollinated by wind
658
Haeupler H. & Muer T. (2000). Bildatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Ulmer, Stuttgart.
Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (2002). BiolFlor - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für
Vegetationskunde, 38, 1-333.
Kühn I., Durka W. & Klotz S. (2004). BiolFlor - a new plant-trait database as a tool for plant invasion ecology. Divers. Distrib., 10, 363-365.
Küster E.C., Kühn I., Bruelheide H. & Klotz S. (2008). Trait interactions help explain plant invasion success in the German flora. J. Ecol., 96, 860-868.
Schubert R., Hilbig W. & Klotz S. (2001). Bestimmungsbuch der Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands. Spektrum, Heidelberg.
Wittig R., Diesing D. & Gödde M. (1985). Urbanophob Urbanoneutral Urbanophil - Behavior of Species Concerning the Urban Habitat. Flora, 177, 265-282.