Download ESMinerals - Cole Camp R-1

EARTH SCIENCE - CH.4&5
ELEMENTS TO KNOW
▪#1-20, 22, 24-30, 33, 35, 36, 47, 48, 50, 53-56, 78-80, 82, 86, 88
▪Lanthanide Series: None
▪Actinide Series: #92, 94, 96, 99
9.1 What Is a Mineral?
▪Minerals,
▸A mineral is
–An inorganic substance is one that is not made up of living things or the remains
of living things.
–Every mineral has a
–
▪To determine whether a substance is a mineral or a non- mineral, four basic questions
about the substance must be asked:
▸If the answer is _________________________________________, the
substance is a mineral.
▪1)
▸Coal is organic -- it is composed of the remains of ancient plants.
–
It is not a mineral.
▸___________________________, composed of the inorganic substances iron
(Fe) and oxygen (0), is a mineral.
▪2)
▸The minerals __________________________________________________, all
occur naturally in the earth.
▸Manufactured substances, such as ____________________________, are not
minerals.
▪3)
▸ Petroleum and natural gas are naturally occurring substances.
–They are not solids are not minerals.
–Both are made up of the remains of plants and animals.
▪4)
▸The mineral _________________________ is an element with only gold atoms.
▸The mineral ________________________________ is a compound, made up of
only calcium (Ca) and fluoride (F) ions in a specific crystalline pattern.
▪There more than ___________________ different minerals, but fewer than _____ of
them are common.
▸The common minerals are called _________________________________
because they form the rocks of the earth's crust.
▪Of the 20 rock-forming minerals, __________________________________________
of the mass of the earth's crust.
▸
▸KNOW THEM!!!!!!
▪All minerals can be classified into two main groups based on their chemical
composition --
▪1)
▸All silicate minerals contain atoms of
–_________________________ consists of only silicon and oxygen atoms.
▪Most silicate minerals also contain one or more other kinds of atoms.
▸______________________ are the most common silicate minerals.
▸The type of feldspar that forms depends on which metal combines with the silicon and
oxygen atoms:
–1)
–2)
▪ ______________________________________ rich in iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg).
▸Examples:
▪ Silicate minerals make up
▸_________________________ and _____________________ alone make up
more than _____________ of the crust.
▪2)
▸______ of the earth's crust consists of nonsilicate minerals (minerals that do not
contain silicon).
▸Based on their chemical composition, nonsilicate minerals are classified into six major
groups:
–
▪All minerals in the earth's crust have a _____________________________________.
▸Each type of crystalline material is characterized by a specific geometric arrangement
of its atoms or ions.
–
A crystal is a natural solid with a definite shape.
–A large mineral crystal displays the characteristic geometry of its internal
structure.
▪There are many kinds of silicate minerals, their crystalline structure is made up of the
same basic building blocks.
▸Each of these building blocks consists of four oxygen atoms arranged in a pyramid
with one silicon atom in the center.
–The structure is known as a
9.2 Identifying Minerals
▪1)
▸Some minerals have very distinct colors.
–Example:
▪
▸ Color is also an unreliable identification clue because weathered surfaces may hide
the color of minerals.
–
Example:
–
▪2)
▸
–Minerals that reflect light like polished metal are said to have a
____________________________________.
–All other minerals have a ___________________________________.
▪Transparent quartz and other minerals that look like glass have a _______________
luster.
▪Minerals with an appearance like the surface of candle wax have a __________
luster.
▪
▪
▪
Diamond are a mineral with a __________________________ luster.
A mineral that lacks any kind of shine has a ___________________________
luster.
Micas, have a ______________________ luster.
▪3)
▸A more reliable clue to the identity of a mineral is the color of that mineral in
_________________________, which is called its streak.
–The easiest way to observe the streak of a mineral is to rub some of the mineral
against a piece of unglazed ceramic tile called a
_________________________.
▪Because the streak is the powdered form of the mineral, it may not be the same color as
the larger piece of the mineral.
▸
▸
▪4)
▸Some minerals tend to split easily along certain flat surfaces.
–
Cleavage is
▸The surface along which cleavage occurs runs parallel to a plane in the crystal
where bonding is ______________________________.
▪ Examples:
▸_________________________, which are made of tetrahedral sheets, tend to split
into parallel sheets.
▸___________________________ breaks into small cubes because the three
cleavage directions are at right angles to each other.
▪ Many minerals do not break along cleavage planes.
▸
▪Mineralogists describe a fracture according to the appearance of the broken surfaces.
▸Examples:
–
A broken surface that looks like a piece of broken wood is called
________________________________________.
–Curved surfaces on a fractured mineral are called _____________________.
▪5)
▸___________________________________________________________ is called
hardness.
–
Hardness does not mean resistance to cleavage or fracture.
–Example:
▪The hardness of an unknown mineral can be determined by scratching it against the
minerals on _______________________________________________.
▸ This scale lists _____ minerals in order of increasing hardness.
–The softest mineral is _____________, with a hardness of 1.
–The hardest mineral is ______________, with a hardness of 10.
▪
▸
▪Care must be taken in testing hardness.
▸Example:
The mark usually left by talc on an unknown mineral may appear to be a
scratch. Actually, it is the streak made by talc, and it is easily rubbed off.
–
▪To test an unknown mineral for hardness, you must determine which is the hardest
mineral on the scale that it can scratch.
▸Example:
–
▪The hardness of a mineral is largely determined by the strength of the bonds between
the atoms or ions that make up its internal structure.
▸
–Diamond has a hardness of 10, while the hardness of graphite is between 1
and 2.
▪A diamond's hardness results from a strong crystal structure in which each carbon atom
is firmly bonded to four other carbon atoms.
▸
Moh’s Hardness Scale
▸You MUST know this scale (for Lab and Exam)
▪6)
▸
▪7)
▸A piece of galena feels heavier than a piece of quartz of the same size.
–
One way to compare these minerals is to lift, or __________________, mineral
samples of the same size.
▸Density is
▸The units of density are
▪The density of a mineral depends on the kinds of atoms it contains and how closely they
are packed.
▸Most of the common minerals in the earth's crust have densities in the narrow
range between _________________________________
▸
The densities of minerals containing such heavy metals as lead, uranium, gold,
and silver range from ___________________________________
Special Properties of Minerals
▪1)
▸_______________________________ is the most common among this group of
magnetic minerals.
–
________________________________ is a form of magnetite that acts as a magnet.
–The needles of the first magnetic compasses used in navigation were made of
tiny slivers of lodestone.
▪2)
▸The mineral calcite is usually white in ordinary light, but under ultraviolet light it
often appears red.
–
______________________________________________________________ is
referred to as fluorescence.
–
▪Some minerals subjected to ultraviolet light will continue to glow after the ultraviolet
light is cut off.
▸Minerals that continue to glow have the property called
______________________________________.
▪3)
▸Light rays bend as they pass through transparent minerals.
–_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________, is called refraction.
▪Crystals of calcite and some other transparent minerals bend light in such a way that
they produce a _____________________________________________________.
▸This property is called ________________________________________.
▪4)
▸Some minerals have a property known as radioactivity.
–
–
Radioactivity results
Examples:
–____________________________________ is the most common mineral
containing uranium.