Download The Endocrine System (Chapter 16)

The Endocrine System (Chapter 16)
1.
Describe the characteristics of an endocrine gland. List the major endocrine glands of the body.
Recognize some organs that have a secondary role as an endocrine gland.
2.
Define "hormone" and identify a substance as being a hormone. List and describe the chemical
classes of hormones and recognize examples of each class.
3.
Describe how each class of hormone is synthesized, released, and transported in the
bloodstream. Explain how feedback loops are used to control the functioning of the endocrine
system.
4.
Describe how the number of binding sites for hormones may be altered (up- and downregulation). Also explain how hormones can influence each other (synergism, antagonism,
permissiveness).
5.
Describe the mechanisms by which hormones may act upon a target cell. State how hormones
may alter cellular metabolism without entering the target cell. Explain how cAMP can be formed
and used as a universal secondary messenger. (Review the first few pages of chapter 16).
Relate this messenger system to hormone action.
6.
Define "half-life". Recognize the typical half-life of the different classes of hormones. State the
significance of hormone half-life.
7.
Describe the structural and functional relationships between the hypothalamus and the each of
the two portions of the pituitary gland.
8.
State where the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) are synthesized
and where they are secreted. Describe the structure and function of the hypothalamic
hypophyseal tract. Predict the outcome of destroying or stimulating this tract.
9.
Describe the origin, function, and target for secretion of releasing hormones. Describe the
structure of the hypophyseal portal system and where releasing hormones are transported to.
10.
List and state the functions of the hormones produced by and/or secreted from the: anterior
pituitary, posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal medulla,
adrenal cortex, and pancreas. Describe mechanisms which control secretion of hormones from
these structures.
11.
Describe the cellular structure of the thyroid gland and explain the steps involved in the
synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4 from follicular cells. Explain what thyroxine is and which
hormone is the active form circulating in the blood. Explain the physiological basis for the
endocrine abnormalities seen in hyperthyroidism due to Grave’s disease and in hypothyroidism
due to iodide deficiency.
12.
Assuming that other control mechanisms are not functioning to restore homeostasis, predict the
effects of hypo- and hyper- secretion of each of the following hormones: each individual
releasing hormone, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, growth hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, ADH, thyroxine,
calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, epinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol, insulin and glucagon.
13.
Describe how calcium levels are maintained by explaining the relationship between calcitonin
and parathyroid hormone. Predict the outcome of altering calcium levels. State the role of the
digestive tract, kidney, bone tissue, and Vitamin D in calcium homeostasis.
14.
Describe the location and microstructure of the adrenal glands. Describe the hormones
produced by this gland and their actions. Explain why the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
are considered to be separate endocrine glands.
15.
Describe the location and microstructure of the pancreas. Explain why insulin deficiency, as
seen in untreated Type I diabetes mellitus, may lead to: hyperglycemia, glucose and ketone
bodies in the urine, excretion of large volumes of urine (polyuria), acidosis (and ketoacidosis),
dehydration, polyphagia, coma, and death.
16.
Describe the regulation of blood glucose levels by different hormones. Include the effects of
insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone and the ANS in your explanation.
17.
State the physiological effects of stress. Describe the effects of stress on hormones, the ANS
and the changes that occur in response to cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
The Cardiovascular System; The Blood (Chapter 17)
1.
Recognize the general characteristics of the cardiovascular system and explain the functions of
the blood.
2.
Describe the composition and characteristics of blood. Distinguish between plasma and formed
elements. List the major inorganic and organic components of plasma and state the function of
each component. Define "hematocrit" and state why this measurement is commonly performed
on blood.
3.
Describe the structure, characteristics, function, production and destruction of red blood cells.
Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin. Predict the outcome of altering its structure,
for example, as in sickle cell anemia. Explain what erythropoietin is, where it is produced, and
how it works.
4.
Identify the products of RBC breakdown and state the fate of each product. Define "anemia"
and "polycythemia" and recognize causes of each. State why “banked” blood has a short
lifespan and the strategies companies are using to increase the “shelf-life” of blood.
5.
Define "blood doping". Explain how it can be done in two different ways (“low tech” and “high
tech”) and why athletes do this.
6.
State the functions and properties of white blood cells. Define “CBC”. Define "differential count”.
Distinguish between the classes of WBCs, their functions and their life-spans in the body.
Describe the structural characteristics of each type of WBC and recognize the normal
percentages of each type of WBC. Define "leukemia", “leukocytosis”, and “leukocytopenia”.
7.
Describe the structure and formation of platelets. Describe the three phases of hemostasis.
Define "cascade". Explain the importance of platelets, Ca++, and clotting factors to this
process. Distinguish between platelet plugs and clots. Describe the process of fibrinolysis.
8.
Define “thrombus” and “embolus”. Define “anticoagulant” and “thrombolytic agent”. State the
mechanism of action of aspirin, heparin, coumadin (warfarin), streptokinase and tissue
plasminogen activator (tPA) and how they are used to treat clotting disorders. Define “serum”.
State how and why it is collected.
9.
Recognize the need for the following measurements and state possible causes of any abnormal
value: hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC count, reticulocyte count, total WBC count, differential
WBC count (percentage of each type of WBC), prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin
time (PTT), platelet count and platelet function test.
10.
Predict the probable outcome on hematology testing of either decreasing or increasing any of
the following: vitamin K, iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, hematopoietic cells, erythropoietin, fluid
intake, and testosterone levels.