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Name __________________________
Per. ___________
Grades Nine Through Twelve
Biology/Life Sciences
Science Content Standards
Standards that all students are expected to achieve in the course of their studies.
Cell Biology
1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that
occur in specialized areas of the organism's cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:
h. Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and
organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.
Genetics
2. Mutation and sexual reproduction lead to genetic variation in a population. As a basis for understanding
this concept:
d. Students know new combinations of alleles may be generated in a zygote through the fusion of male
and female gametes (fertilization).
e. Students know why approximately half of an individual's DNA sequence comes from each parent.
f. Students know the role of chromosomes in determining an individual's sex.
g. Students know how to predict possible combinations of alleles in a zygote from the genetic makeup
of the parents.
Section 6-1: Chromosomes
New cells are formed by Cell Division.
1. What are 3 reasons eukaryotic organisms will undergo cell division?
a.
b.
c.
2. gametes:
male gametes are called__________________
female gametes are called __________________
3. function of DNA:
4. Bacterial cells divide in order to reproduce.
Describe in detail the process of binary fission.
5. gene:
6. Prior to eukaryotic cell division, DNA is uncoiled in the nucleus this is called chromatin. As the cell
prepares to divide, the DNA and proteins associated with the DNA is coiled up into structures called
_____________________.
7. chromatids:
8. A chromosome consists of _____________ tightly coiled around _________________. The
chromosomes are formed as a cell prepares to divide. See the levels of the chromosome structure
below.
9. somatic cell:
10. How many chromosomes does a human somatic cell have?
11. function of genes:
12. Each of the 23 pairs of chromosomes consists of 2 _________________________ chromosomes.
13. homologous chromosomes:
14. Explain, in detail, the process of fertilization. You can draw a picture if you like.
15. a diploid cell:
the diploid number of a human cell is _________.
16. a haploid cell:
the haploid number of a human cell is _________.
17. zygote:
18. Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 pairs are called autosomes. Describe an autosome.
19. sex chromosomes:
20. The sex chromosomes in a human male are __________. The sex chromosomes in a human female are
___________.
The presence of all 46 chromosomes is essential for normal development and function of an organism.
Errors in cell division can cause a change in chromosome number and result in certain conditions, disease,
or death.
21. Abnormalities can be detected by analyzing a ____________________.
22. Down syndrome results from what chromosomal
abnormality?
23. What sex is the patient who has this karyotype?
24. What event can happen during cell division to cause an
abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell?
25. Describe the prenatal test, amniocentesis.
26. Describe the prenatal test, chorionic villi sampling.
27. Changes in an organism’s chromosome structure are called mutations. What is the main cause of
structural changes in a chromosome?
Section 6-2: The Cell Cycle
28. The _______________________ describes the life of a eukaryotic cell.
29. A cell spends 90% of its time in the first 3 phases of the cell cycle called _______________________.
30. Describe what occurs during the 3 phases of Interphase.
Phase
Description of events
a. First growth (G1) phase
b. Synthesis (S) phase
c. Second growth (G2) phase
31. mitosis:
32. cytokinesis:
33. The cell cycle is controlled by 3 key checkpoints. Describe them.
Key Checkpoint
a. Cell growth (G1)
checkpoint
Description
b. DNA Synthesis (G2)
checkpoint
c. Mitosis checkpoint
34. Describe what can happen if a gene involved in the regulation of cell growth and division is mutated?
Section 6-3: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
35. Although mitosis is a continuous process, biologists typically divide it into 4 major stages. Describe
the events that occur during the 4 stages of mitosis.
Stage
Description of events
a. prophase
b. metaphase
c. anaphase
d. telophase
Important Note:
Mitosis refers to the nuclear division—a division of the chromosomes.
Cytokinesis refers to the division of the cytoplasm.
36. Describe what occurs during cytokinesis in animal cells.
37. Describe what occurs during cytokinesis in plant cells.