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Kingdom Bacteria
All are __________ and the majority live as ________ (___________) but some
occur in ________. They reproduce mainly _________ by ___________ but can
have a _____ reproductive stage (__________). Most bacteria are __________,
but some bacteria can perform _________________ (_________________)
Biological Importance of Bacteria
Advantages
1)
2)
Used in the production of cheese, vinegar, yogurt etc…
Used as natural pesticides or added to soils to enrich nitrogen content
(nitrogen fixation)
3)
Recycle organic material from dead organisms. Some bacteria are found in our
intestines and aid in the digestion process.
4)
5)
6)
Scientists have used bacteria to study cell metabolism and molecular biology.
Engineered bacteria are used to produce useful substances like: insulin,
antibiotics, hormones and anti-cancer drugs.
Some bacteria naturally produce substances, which inhibit the growth of
harmful organisms (examples: streptomycin, erythromycin)
The process of using bacteria to destroy, transform or immobilized
environmental contaminants.
For example, the bacterium Pseudomonas is used in the treatment of
wastewater and sewage; a toxic wood preservative can be removed from soil by
a bacterium from the genus Flavobacterium.
A relationship between two organisms (such as a bacteria and a human or plant
or animal) is called a ___________________. In cases in which both partners
benefit from the interaction it is referred to as _________________.
Disadvantages
1)
The action of bacterial decomposers can cause food to spoil and become
harmful to eat. Example: Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
2)
Many bacteria are __________. These bacteria can also be termed _______,
meaning that one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of another
organism (the host), which is often harmed but usually not killed.
These pathogenic (disease causing) micro-organisms typically produce deadly
substances called ______. A toxin is a poison produced in the body of a living
organism. It is not harmful to the organism itself but only to other organisms.
There are two types of toxins that bacteria produce, endotoxins and exotoxins.
Endotoxins
Exotoxins
Just one gram of the exotoxin that causes botulism could kill a million people!!!
Classification of Bacteria
Bacteria can be classified using many different criteria. Some of these include:
1) Shape (three types):
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These shapes can be arranged in patterns or groupings:
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2)
Metabolic Needs
Classification based on:
 Whether they are heterotrophs or autotrophs
 Do they need oxygen? (aerobic or anaerobic)
 Special food sources – carbon, nitrogen etc…
Examples:
Term
Description
Needs oxygen
Die when exposed to oxygen
Can grow with or without oxygen
Use light as an energy source
Use chemical compounds as an energy
source
Feed on dead organisms or organic waste
Grow in temperatures above 50oC
Grow best in temperatures below 15oC
The Shapes of Bacteria
Thousands of different types of bacteria are known and have been observed. Scientists can tell
these organisms apart by the shape of the bacteria or by the way they join together. Write the
meaning of the following terms.
1.
bacillus ___________________________
4. diplo _________________________
2.
coccus ___________________________
5. strepto _______________________
3.
spirillum __________________________
6. staphylo ______________________
Use the terms you defined above to name the bacteria in each diagram below. Write the name on
the line below each diagram. Note: Some names will combine two of the terms. For instance, a
chain (strepto) of round (coccus) bacteria is called a streptococcus.
__________________
________________
__________________
__________________
________________
__________________
__________________
________________
___________________
3) Colony Morphology
Describes the appearance of a colony in a Petri dish. Such as:
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4) Reaction with Gram Stain
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Gram __ retain crystal violet stain (_______) - contain a __________ layer in
their __________
Gram - do not retain crystal violet stain (____) - ____________ layer in their
cell wall
5) Presence/Absence of:
Flagellum Capsule 6) Spore Formation
Diagram of a Bacterium