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Transcript
Kingdom Bacteria All are __________ and the majority live as ________ (___________) but some occur in ________. They reproduce mainly _________ by ___________ but can have a _____ reproductive stage (__________). Most bacteria are __________, but some bacteria can perform _________________ (_________________) Biological Importance of Bacteria Advantages 1) 2) Used in the production of cheese, vinegar, yogurt etc… Used as natural pesticides or added to soils to enrich nitrogen content (nitrogen fixation) 3) Recycle organic material from dead organisms. Some bacteria are found in our intestines and aid in the digestion process. 4) 5) 6) Scientists have used bacteria to study cell metabolism and molecular biology. Engineered bacteria are used to produce useful substances like: insulin, antibiotics, hormones and anti-cancer drugs. Some bacteria naturally produce substances, which inhibit the growth of harmful organisms (examples: streptomycin, erythromycin) The process of using bacteria to destroy, transform or immobilized environmental contaminants. For example, the bacterium Pseudomonas is used in the treatment of wastewater and sewage; a toxic wood preservative can be removed from soil by a bacterium from the genus Flavobacterium. A relationship between two organisms (such as a bacteria and a human or plant or animal) is called a ___________________. In cases in which both partners benefit from the interaction it is referred to as _________________. Disadvantages 1) The action of bacterial decomposers can cause food to spoil and become harmful to eat. Example: Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) 2) Many bacteria are __________. These bacteria can also be termed _______, meaning that one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of another organism (the host), which is often harmed but usually not killed. These pathogenic (disease causing) micro-organisms typically produce deadly substances called ______. A toxin is a poison produced in the body of a living organism. It is not harmful to the organism itself but only to other organisms. There are two types of toxins that bacteria produce, endotoxins and exotoxins. Endotoxins Exotoxins Just one gram of the exotoxin that causes botulism could kill a million people!!! Classification of Bacteria Bacteria can be classified using many different criteria. Some of these include: 1) Shape (three types): These shapes can be arranged in patterns or groupings: 2) Metabolic Needs Classification based on: Whether they are heterotrophs or autotrophs Do they need oxygen? (aerobic or anaerobic) Special food sources – carbon, nitrogen etc… Examples: Term Description Needs oxygen Die when exposed to oxygen Can grow with or without oxygen Use light as an energy source Use chemical compounds as an energy source Feed on dead organisms or organic waste Grow in temperatures above 50oC Grow best in temperatures below 15oC The Shapes of Bacteria Thousands of different types of bacteria are known and have been observed. Scientists can tell these organisms apart by the shape of the bacteria or by the way they join together. Write the meaning of the following terms. 1. bacillus ___________________________ 4. diplo _________________________ 2. coccus ___________________________ 5. strepto _______________________ 3. spirillum __________________________ 6. staphylo ______________________ Use the terms you defined above to name the bacteria in each diagram below. Write the name on the line below each diagram. Note: Some names will combine two of the terms. For instance, a chain (strepto) of round (coccus) bacteria is called a streptococcus. __________________ ________________ __________________ __________________ ________________ __________________ __________________ ________________ ___________________ 3) Colony Morphology Describes the appearance of a colony in a Petri dish. Such as: 4) Reaction with Gram Stain Gram __ retain crystal violet stain (_______) - contain a __________ layer in their __________ Gram - do not retain crystal violet stain (____) - ____________ layer in their cell wall 5) Presence/Absence of: Flagellum Capsule 6) Spore Formation Diagram of a Bacterium