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#40 Human Body Study Guide Key State standards for this unit 5. Describe the hierarchical organization of multicellular organisms from cells to tissues to organs to systems to organisms. 6. Identify the general functions of the major systems of the human body (digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, protection from disease, and movement, control, and coordination) and describe ways that these systems interact with each other. 1. Fill in the blanks to show the pathway of a molecule of oxygen as it travels from the air to a cell in your body. Air nose (nasal passages) larynx/epiglottis trachea bronchus lung alveoli capillary (red blood cell) vein left atrium valve left ventricle valve aorta arteries capillary body cell 2. Fill in the blanks to show the pathway of a molecule of carbon dioxide as it travels from your body cell to the air. Hint: it’s not exactly the opposite of #1! Body cell capillary vein right atrium valve right ventricle artery capillary alveoli bronchus trachea larynx/epiglottis nose/mouth air 3. What are the levels of organization within a complex organism like a human, from smallest to largest? _____cell________ __tissue organ organ system 4. Arrange the following structures in order from smallest(1) to largest(2) nervous system 4 neuron 1 brain 3 nerve tissue 2 5. Name the 3 types of muscle. Put a star next to the one(s) that is(are) voluntary cardiac smooth *skeletal 6. Give an example of where you might find each of the types of muscles. Cardiac: heart smooth: digestive tract skeletal: arms, legs 7. Explain the process of absorption that takes place in the small intestine. The nutrients that have been chemically digested move through the villi where they are absorbed into the bloodstream 8. Name the 6 organs that produce enzymes or other chemical digestive helpers: mouth (saliva) , stomach (gastric juice with HCl), liver (bile), pancreas (enzymes), small intestine (enzymes), gall bladder (stores bile) 9. Where does chemical digestion take place? Mouth, stomach, small intestine (most here) 10. Where does mechanical digestion take place? Mouth, stomach 11. The heart can be called a double pump. What does each side of the heart do? Right- pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs Left- pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body 12. Blood is a living tissue made up of 4 things. List them and their function. Plasma- liquid part RBC- carry oxygen WBC- fight infection Platelets- help clot blood 13. What happens to cause you to breathe? Inhale: diaphragm contracts and moves down; chest muscles move up and out; Exhale: diaphragm relaxes and moves up; chest moves in; 14. What is in each layer of skin? Epidermis- dead cells on top, Dermis- nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicle 15. Antibodies are produced in response to a specific antigen 16. What is the difference between the central and peripheral nervous system? CNS includes brain and spinal cord; PNS includes nerves that come off spinal cord 17. Name the 3 parts of the brain and its function: cerebrum: language, thinking, skeletal movement, senses cerebellum: coordinating muscle movement; balance medulla: heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, involuntary 18. Chemical messengers that travel through the blood and regulate bodily actions are called hormones 19. Which hormone is released by the pancreas and regulates blood sugar levels? Insulin