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E1251 ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK Colombia: Integrated National Adaptation Program Fabio Arjona, Consultant November 15, 2005 Table of Contents A. B. C. PROJECT DESCRIPTION.................................................................................................................2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE INAP PROJECT .................................................3 IMPLEMENTATION OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...........................................5 A. 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION Lending instrument The project cost would be financed by an SPA–GEF grant in the amount of US$5.3 m, with co-financing from: (i) GOC’s own resources (US$7.2 m); (ii) other donors (US$3.1 m); (iii) and parallel co-financing through the Amoyá River Environmental Services Project (US$2.0 m from anticipated carbon revenues), totaling US$17.6 m. The SPA requires that the majority of benefits translate into protection of global biodiversity and prevention of land degradation. 2. Project development objective and key indicators The project development objective is to support Colombia’s efforts to define and implement specific pilot adaptation measures and policy options to meet the anticipated impacts of climate change. These efforts will be focused on high mountain ecosystems, insular areas, and human health concerns related to the expansion of areas for vectors linked to malaria and dengue. All these have been identified as priority areas in the National Communications and other studies. Key performance indicators: Strengthened capability to produce and disseminate relevant climate change information through the availability of continuous and reliable climate information of relevance to major climate change vulnerabilities in health, mountain ecosystems, and insular areas (157 climate stations modernized). At least six pilot adaptation activities have been implemented and monitored, addressing vulnerabilities to climate change in high mountain ecosystems, insular and coastal areas, and health, including: Maintenance of the hydropower generation capacity, measured through sustained water regulation of the Las Hermosas Massif in the Amoyá River watershed. Adaptation program designed and incorporated in regional development plans for the Las Hermosas Massif. Positive impacts on biodiversity and land degradation documented. Adaptation program designed and incorporated in regional development plans for Colombia’s Caribbean insular areas including increased management performance of key marine ecosystems and reduced vulnerability in water supply to local communities. Strengthened public health program incorporating management measures to meet the increased threats from dengue and malaria induced by climate change, resulting in a 30% reduction of malaria and dengue morbidity by project closure. 3. Project components a) Making climate, climate variability, and climate change information available for the adoption of adaptation measures and policies (total cost $3.4 m; GEF funding $1.1 m). This component seeks to strengthen Colombia’s capabilities to produce and disseminate climate information (useful for resource allocation and operational decision-making), in support of adaptation to climate change measures and programs. b) Design and implementation of an adaptation program that supports maintenance of environmental services (including hydropower potential) in the Las Hermosas Massif in the central range of the Andes (total cost $4.4 m; GEF funding $1.8m). The Massif is the world’s most humid high altitude moorland, a highly diverse biotope of particular concern for climate change impacts. It is also important for potential hydropower generation. c) Adaptation measures in Caribbean insular areas (total cost $3.6 m; GEF funding $1.3 m). The objective of this component is to support the implementation of physical adaptation measures in order to reduce the vulnerability of the Caribbean insular area, especially with regard to changes in rainfall and temperature and sea-level rise. d) Responses to increased exposure to tropical vector-borne diseases (malaria and dengue) induced by climate change (total cost $6.2 m; GEF funding $1.1 m). The objective of this component is to address increased exposure to tropical vector-borne diseases (malaria and dengue) induced by climate change through the implementation of an Early Warning System for Malaria and Dengue Surveillance and Control (EWSDM), seeking a 30% reduction in both malaria and dengue morbidities in pilot areas. 4. Sector issues addressed by the project The project addresses key vulnerabilities to climate change as identified in vulnerability assessments and other studies. The project also addresses the need for better information on climate. The project contributes to the mainstreaming of climate concerns into the health sector and the development plans for the Las Hermosas Massif and insular and coastal areas. Protection of the Massif will contribute to maintaining its hydropower potential, which in turn may be used to displace carbon emission reductions from the power sector. 5. Mainstreaming measures and policy content Sustainability of project activities depends on the success in mainstreaming adaptation as a key element in local and regional development plans. Policy linkages will be of use for interventions in the power sector, disaster management, and biodiversity and water management. The close coordination sought between these sectors will support a coherent policy support of the World Bank in Colombia. B. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE INAP PROJECT The environmental management plan takes into account the previously described components as well as the project’s classification as Category B. The supported activities may have minor environmental impacts from some on-the-ground investments. The project will make use of environmental best practices. The following table presents environmental issues and impacts. Component Environmental issues and impacts Elements of the Environmental Management Plan Formulation of adaptation programs i. Health program based on existing national health plan, considering anticipated GCC impacts on the incidence of malaria and dengue. ii. Evaluation of GCC impacts on high Due to the characteristics of this component, based on the definition of action programs and on the scientific evaluation of aspects related to climate change in high Key elements of the detailed formulation and design of sitespecific adaptation interventions are the identification of potential environmental and social impacts, their characterization, and the Component mountain ecosystems and Colombia’s Caribbean insular areas. Environmental issues and impacts mountain areas, no direct or indirect negative environmental effect is likely to arise during the implementation of this component. Elements of the Environmental Management Plan definition of specific actions to improve, prevent, and control adverse outcomes. There are no institutional capacity issues as most participating agencies are associated with or are regional environmental authorities. Colombia’s environmental regulations are adequate for the expected impacts. Implementation of pilot adaptation measures (i) Identification of pilot adaptation options (ii) Preparation of cost benefit analysis for applicable options (iii) Development of implementation strategy (iv) Implementation of pilot adaptation measures. The pilot measures may include: A - Pilot adaptation program in Las Hermosas Massif B - Pilot adaptation program in Colombia’s Caribbean insular area C - Adaptation program for the energy sector, incorporating the changes in rainfall patterns and the reduction of natural water reserves in high mountain areas as result of projected GCC. Impacts are localized and limited to the sites where each pilot measure for climate change adaptation is implemented. In all cases the impact is positive because the measures are aimed at mitigating identified and documented problems caused by GCC impacts, favoring environmental best practices. During pilot implementation INAP has chosen to assure safeguard compliance through a well defined and detailed monitoring plan. Given the small size of the proposed interventions, and their pilot or experimental nature, the country’s existing standards and procedures are rated acceptable and in agreement with the Bank’s OP 4.01. Community involvement should be sought, not only to disclose the environmental and social assessments, but as a means to improve the accountability of those implementing the pilots. Adequate reporting of all social and environmental activities with community involvement is encouraged. Monitoring and evaluation systems INAP will support the design and implementation of the corresponding monitoring and evaluation systems in order to analyze the effectiveness of the adaptation measures adopted under the project framework. No significant impacts are expected because this component will only monitor and evaluate the measures taken and will not have any direct or indirect effect on the environment. It is recommended that the M&E system specifically include environmental indicators to assess pilot environmentally induced impacts, most of which are expected to be positive. Taking into account the potential environmental impacts, the following table summarizes the environmental management for each component. Component Description Component 1 - Making climate, climate variability, and climate change information available for adoption of adaptation measures and policies. Improving IDEAM’s technical and scientific capacity to produce relevant climate change information, including timely and reliable forecasts tailored to decision-makers. This will be undertaken by (i) Analysis of modeling of climate and its variability; (ii) Preparation and publication of reports on the incidence of GCC in Colombia ; (iii) Dissemination of knowledge on GCC. Development of local climate change scenarios to support selection of adaptation measures. The activity supported under this subcomponent includes the elaboration of GCC scenarios. Field interventions None None Environmental negative issues No environmental impact expected as consequence of this subcomponent. This component provides the basis for environmental planning and management incorporating the impacts from GCC. No environmental impact expected as consequence of this subcomponent. This subcomponent will support the monitoring process by reducing the uncertainty levels related to GCC impacts. Environmental control measures N.A. N.A. Monitoring This component will guide the monitoring design of the system. Monthly reports. progress *Monthly reports. progress Complement and strengthen existing climate data network of relevance to climate change by supporting equipment renovation Selected stations will be upgraded for monitoring GCC variables and integrated into the climate reference network. Specific activities include: (i) Upgrade and calibrate equipment of selected stations; (ii) Evaluation and processing information on temperature and rainfall. (iii) Verification and processing of information generated by reference network. Technical upgrading will be done on existing stations thus not causing additional physical footprint. Data collected by updated network will improve the production of climate information required for decision making. Adequate disposal of used parts. All solid waste will be collected and disposed following best practices – using approved landfills. *Monthly progress report *Certification of adequate disposal of used parts Mainstreaming GCC information into ecosystem planning and management in Las Hermosas Massif for maintenance of ecosystem services, including hydropower potential None No negative environmental impacts are expected as consequence of this subcomponent. On the contrary, it will help to reduce vulnerability through mainstreaming GCC information into planning processes. Land use plans will include better information related to probable future climate scenarios. This will allow for improved decision making of preservation of selected ecosystems and on the intensity of land uses. *Progress reports *Monitoring protocol *Updated Park Management Plan incorporating climate change scenarios. Component 2 - Adoption of an adaptation program in the Las Hermosas Massif in the central range of the Andes Reduction of adverse impacts on water regulation in the Amoyá watershed of importance for hydropower potential of the Amoya project. Adaptive land-use planning models. Specific measures being considered include: (i) conservation of natural vegetation of riparian belts along side streams; (ii) conservation and recovery of soil cover in the Amoya watershed to maintain capture of horizontal precipitation, and carbon storage in the soil; and, (iii) adoption of a management program to prevent and mitigate activities (including fires) that would further reduce water retention capability in the soil. Other activities under the Amoya project include: (iv) providing incentives for restoration of natural habitat; and (vi) strengthening protection for mega fauna in the area. No negative environmental impacts are expected as a consequence of this subcomponent. Some positive environmental impacts are expected, including: maintenance of water regulation ability of importance for hydropower generation; Reduction of frequency of induced fires in selected pilot areas of Las Hermosas Massif. Flora and fauna of global importance are expected to improve ecological conditions leading to stable populations in the Massif (as measured through selected indicators and a few emblematic species); Characteristics of Paramo area in pilot areas of Las Hermosas Massif (i.e. soil covered by unique high altitude flora of global importance) is expected to be recovered. The strengthening of the buffer zone will be done through voluntary agreements with land holders. Riparian water course belts reduce erosion and siltation, and provide habitat for wild life. Only native flora will be used. This will be done in coordination with Parks Unit. Fire control would be done through training and active involvement of the community. Fire control access roads and paths will minimize their impacts at water crossings and in ecological sensitive areas. Strict environmental guidelines will be used. *Progress reports; *Application of monitoring protocol under Sub-component 1. *Surveys conducted at least yearly. Reported yearly. *The component will also be monitored under the monitoring protocol agreed under the Amoya River Environmental Services. *Development and implementation of wildfire reporting protocols and procedures. Annual reports. This activity of planning nature will not cause any negative environmental impact. Land use plans will include better information related to probable future climate scenarios. This will allow for improved decision making of preservation of selected ecosystems and on the intensity of land uses. *Progress reports *Adoption of Land Use Plans incorporating GCC information, in at least 2 municipalities. Improvement of productive agroecosystems in high altitude moorland “paramo” and subparamo area of Las Hermosas Massif. Component 3 - Adoption of an adaptation program in the Colombian Caribbean Insular Areas Subcomponent 1 – Mainstreaming GCC information into key sectors for decisionmaking processes, including those related with climate change, in Colombian Caribbean Insular Areas (INVEMAR): Subcomponent 2 Integrated water resources management. Enhance the availability of fresh water in the Caribbean insular areas, as well as contribute to its more efficient use (Coralina); This will be achieved through pilot interventions in extensive cattle raising areas (with associated grass burning) which would be changed to intensive cattle raising practices, grass cultivation, and ecosystem restoration. Acquisition, installation, training, operation and maintenance of air-ocean automatic monitoring stations and the creation of a Center of Data Administration The main activities under this component are related to rain harvesting water supply systems for small communities (around 20 families per community) without access to piped water. Only three communities are being targeted at this pilot stage. Adapted and sustainable agricultural practices will replace existing activities with net environmental benefits. Reduction of socioeconomic vulnerability of population through the introduction of enhanced productive systems resilient to GCC impacts. Capacity building and knowledge exchange processes will be ensured in order to disseminate results, and formulation of replication strategy in other areas with similar environment. Buoys and structures to be located in environmental sensitive areas. Maintenance and operational site visits might impact sensitive ecosystems. Most expected environmental impacts are positive, as the rain water will be stored, treated, used and disposed of in environmentally sound structures (septic tanks, infiltration fields and additional treatment required to protect the underlying aquifer). Use of best environmental practices. Emphasis on: reduced land degradation practices; adequate use and disposal of agrochemicals; reduce direct cattle access to water courses; use of native species; reduce / eliminate slash & burnt practices; improve water usage. * Progress reports; Site location for the stations will be selected given due consideration to potential impacts on sensitive ecosystems. Site inspection for O&M will follow environmental guidelines. * Progress reports Use of appropriate environmental guidelines during construction; Disposal of construction debris will follow upgraded guidelines for insular areas, under preparation; Periodic monitoring of water use and wastewater disposal *Progress reports *Field surveys, laboratory testing, Photographs *Application of monitoring protocol under Sub-component 1. *Economic assessment of traditional and new land use practices to be conducted at MTR and EOP. * Site inspections reports including environmental observations. *Supervision missions *Monitoring reports on water quality and quantity; *Effectiveness and social impacts of pilot projects will be assessed at MTR and EOP. Component 4 - Responses to the increased exposure to tropical vector-borne diseases (malaria and dengue) induced by climate change Subcomponent 3 Marine Protected Areas. Support the implementation of the marine protected areas system in the Seaflower reserve as well as in the CRSBeIF in order to contribute to the conservation of marine ecosystems; Demarcation of protected areas; Demarcations of no entry / no take areas. Measures to effectively protect existing marine protected areas and exclude all access to selected sites are also included in the project. Development and implementation of an enforcement strategy wit the fishing community. Subcomponent 4 Integrated Coastal Management. Reduce the vulnerability of economic activities, infrastructure, population living close to the coast, and beaches in the face of GCC impacts. Pilot activities to be defined with the community. All activities envisioned are small scale low environmental impacts measures. No negative environmental impacts are expected. Use best practice environmental guidelines (to be included in OM) Subcomponent 1: Design of the DMEWS. Subcomponent 2: Strengthening institutional capacity. Subcomponent 3: Implementation and operation. Subcomponent 4: Monitoring, evaluation and system readjustment. Targeted vector control measures; Reduced, more effective use of insecticides; Water ponds control. No significant environmental impact expected; Use of insecticides always a risk to human health. Entomological surveys to guide vector control measures; Updating and implementing guidelines and procedures for buying, storing, transporting, and applying insecticides; Training. *Monitoring reports on coral health and socioeconomic impacts of conservation measures; *Monitoring biophysical parameters that are indicators of climate change and ecosystem health; and, *Socioeconomic assessment (effectiveness, incomes, enforcement; community perceptions) at MTR and EOP. *Progress reports *Monitoring – regular and special monitoring of coastal erosion, ecosystems, and beaches, including beach profiling Detailed monitoring system developed for this component; Progress reports; Malaria and Dengue surveillance and control reporting system implemented; Independent surveys; Supervision missions. C. IMPLEMENTATION OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES Figure No. 1 shows World Bank Safeguard Policies, divided into environmental and social issues and those dealing especially with more legal aspects. The cross-cutting public dissemination policy applies to all other policies. However, some policies have specific requirements for dissemination and public consultation. As shown in Figure No. 1 and expressed in subsection B “ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE INAP PROJECT,” the safeguard policies Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), and Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) will be triggered by the project. As a preventive measure, project development observes the Cultural Property (OPN 4.11) policy. However, it is highly unlikely that the project activities will activate the latter safeguard policy. In general, the project is expected to result in no major adverse environmental impacts expected as a result of this project. Minor environmental impacts might be expected from some on the ground investments as described in the table above. The project is designed to be entirely positive from an environmental point of view, particularly by protecting vulnerable ecosystems from the impact of GCC. Should any project activity affect an environmental component, this effect is expected to be minimal due to the nature of the activities and to the objectives of the project. In this case, the country’s environmental legislation is well able to cover these contingencies with the aim of preventing any minor effect. Safeguard Policies Environmental Policies • OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment • OP 4.04 Natural Habitats • OP 4.36 Forests • OP 4.09 Pest Control • OP 4.39 Dam Safety Legal Policies • OP 7.60 Disputed Areas • OP 7.50 International Waters Social Safeguards • OD 4.30 Involuntary Resettlement • OD 4.20 Indigenous Peoples • OP 4.11 Cultural Property More information: World Bank Web site Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook Environmental Assessment Sourcebook (and updates) WB Participation Sourcebook (1996) Electronic Resettlement Guidebook BP 17.50 Public Information Policy Figure No. 1: World Bank Safeguard Policies Project Cycle 4