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This is a supplement to your lab notes and your notes are the best guide for studying- note that not all terms and concepts may be listed below and that you should study only the labs that we reviewed this semester! *= items reviewed outside of class or used as a resource Bold =items of special interest but may not have been covered. Labs I Know the and be able to describe the Scientific Method Null hypothesis, Dependent and Independent variables Lab 1 Know the different parts of the microscope and procedures to set up slide for viewing Know the magnifications of ocular and objective lenses as well as total mag at scanning, low, high and oil immersion Know the approximate field of view width for each objective lens and be able to calculate approx. size of organism. *Lab 2 (was an out of class assignment) Metric system be able to convert between units i.e. centi to micro Know symbols and number value for each unit prefix, micro, milli, centi, and kilo Know conversions inch to cm, lb to kg, Know that for water 1cubic centimeter equals 1ml equals 1g of water and know how to convert between them. Know scientific notation Be able to identify measuring equipment that we used during lab ie. Micropipette, graduated cylinder, beaker, ph meter, spectrophotometer Lab 3 Lab 4 Define terms such as pH (know its equation), buffer, acid and base. What is an indicator and what did we use the cabbage indicator for? Describe the various ways were we able to measure pH Which is the most accurate? Be able to identify cell components (Handout and cell models) Be able to describe the general structure of organic molecules, protein, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids Know the wavelength range for visible light and the colors they present at each range. Spectrophotometer What does a spectrophotometer do? Describe the basic operation. What is a blank and how do you make one and use one in spectrophotometry? What is the relationship between absorbance and transmittance? 1 Describe the relationship between absorbance and the concentration of a lightabsorbing substance in solution. Lab 6 Prokaryotic Cells- describe Know basic procedure for Gram staining, and growing bacteria (streaking and spreading plates) Define media, broth, prokaryotes and examples of prokaryotes, Aseptic technique For plates know that Ecoli off white color and Serratia m. red color Lab 7 Be able to describe a eukaryotic cell and examples of both plant and animals that we observed (Elodea, onion, poato, banana, carrot, nerve, volvox, sperm, starfish egg) Be able to identify nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall (if any), and other components such as chloroplast, vacuoles, and chromoplast Identify the structures of a typical plant cell Describe the organelles and function of each Describe Elodea and Spirogyra under the microscope. Be able to identify the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm chloroplast, and nucleus Identify the structure of a typical animal cell. Describe the organelles and function of each. For slides be able to identify Nucelus, cytoplasm, cell membrane Lab 10 Enzymes What is the function of an enzyme. Describe the active site and substrate. Describe primary, secondary and tertiary structures of protein. Describe the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration on the enzyme activity of enzymes. Use catecholase as an example. Describe the chemical reaction in which catechol is converted to benzoquinone. Where does the enzyme catecholase come from? What is catechol? Be able to describe and draw graphs (label axes) of the above catecholase results or any other enzyme reaction. How is an enzyme (protein) denatured? What happens to the enzyme that is denatured? Why does changing secondary and tertiary structure affect enzyme activity? Lab 11 Cell Metabolism Define the terms: glycolysis, anaerobic, aerobic fermentation, Kreb cycle, electron transport, heterotroph, and facultative anaerobe. Describe the process of glycolysis, what are the products? Where does it occur? What is the final electron acceptor for aerobic respiration? What happens exactly. 2 Desribe how to demonstrate carbon dioxide and ethanol production during fermentation. List the requirements for fermentation to occur. Where and when does it occur? What are the products? Describe how DPIP can be used to study a reaction in which hydrogen is transferred from one compound to another. List the requirements for the Kreb’s cycle reaction in which succinate is transformed to fumarate. (when does Kreb’s cycle and electron transport occur?) Describe how FAD functions as a coenzyme with succinic dehydrogenase. What is reduced and what is oxidized in the reaction? How does malonate act as a competitive inhibitor of succinic dehydrogenase? What affect does the amount of substrate have on an inhibitor? Compare competitive and non-competitive inhibitors. What are the products of cell respiration? Lab 9 Mitosis Know the events of Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis. G1, S and G2, cell division DNA replication. Identify organelles of the cell that aid in cell division. What is a chromatid? What is a chromosome? What is a centromere? Homologous pairs, gene, allele, loci Phases of the cell cycle in the onion root tip and approximate % time spent in each. Identify models/slides in each phase of cell divison. *Lab 13 (used for reviewing Meiosis) Meiosis Handout (reference lab 13 in lab book) Know the events of Interphase, Meiosis and cytokinesis Describe each phase of meiosis I and II What is a Tetrad and crossover? When does this occur? Briefly describe how cells are able to increase diversity in the genetic makeup of gametes. Understand Independent assortment and segregation Homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, Linked and unlinked genes. Drosophila Genetics Know the binomial name of the fruit fly- Drosophila melanogaster Know Life stage of fruit fly and how long they stay in each stage and how long they live. What is the importance of Virgin flies? How to identify the sex of fruit fly General Procedure for sexing them Be able to calculate F1 generation, F2 generations for both dominant and recessive genes. What type of mutants did we work with and which were recessive/dominant traits. What is the phenotype for wild type. 3 Be able to recreate F1 cross and F2 cross and determine genotypes and phenotypes of each mutation- Be able to use the correct nomenclature for each phenotype i.e. wild vs. mutant. Diversity of Plants 24 Be able to distinguish between tracheophytes from non tracheophytes. What is a gymnosperm? What is an angiosperm? Archegonia vs. anther Microspores vs. megaspores Identify structures of a flower Identify male vs female plant structures Describe evolution of water to land (i.e. vascularization and mechanisms of fertilization. *Population Genetics CalculationsBe able to write out the Hardy-Weinberg equation and how to solve problems. What is the frequency of Homozygous recessive, Heterozygous dominant, and heterozygous specimens if given a example population. Define gene pool, population, allele, genotype, phenotype, allelic frequency, genotypic frequency What are some of the conditions that must exist in order for this HardyWeinberg equation to exist? *Diversity Lab 22 and 23 Know the various Kingdoms and Domains (specific examples seen in lab) Be able to ID slides of the various kingdoms Describe morphology of bacteria and be able to ID What type of organism is penicillin What is nitrogen fixation and describe the biochemical pathway Describe Rhizobium and its symbiotic relationship with some plants. Where do you find Rhizobium? Describe characteristics of Lichen and be able to ID Fructiose, Foliose, and Crustose Describe a protista and modes of locomotion. What is symbiosis? Mutualism? Commensalism? Know Examples seen in lab Know the various types of Algae Know the structure for plant and animal cells Know the various types of Fungi and examples of each Ascomycota, basiodiomycota and zygomycota (be able to draw or ID general structure 4