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Chapter 35
List the characteristics of an angiosperm.
The angiosperms are the flowering plants and are separated into two different
classes, either the monocots or the dicots.
Explain the differences between monocots and dicots.
Monocots – one ctyledon, veins usually parallel, vascular bundles completely
arranged, fibrous root system, floral parts in multiple of three
Dicots – two ctyledons, veins usually netlike, vascular bundles arranged in a ring,
taproot usually present, floral parts usually in multiples of four or five
Describe the importance of root systems and shoot systems to plants and explain how
they work together.
Lacking chloroplasts and living in the dark , roots would starve without sugar and
other organic nutrients imported from the photosynthetic tissues of the shoot
system. Conversely, the shoot system depends on water and minerals absorbed
from the soil by the roots.
Describe how plant cells grow.
Plants cells grow either through primary growth or through secondary growth.
Distinguish between parenchyma and collenchyma cells with regards to structure and
function.
Parenchyma – thin alls and serve as storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
Collenchyma – thick but flexible walls, serve mechanical support functions
Describe the differences in structure and function of the two types of sclerenchyma cells.
Fibers and sclereids. Some fibers are used commercially, such as hemp fiber for
making rope. Sclerids are shorter and give fruit a gritty texture.
Describe the functions of the dermal tissue system, vascular tissue system and ground
tissue system.
Dermal – general function is protection
Vascular tissue system – in transport and support
Ground tissue system – photosynthesis, storage and support
Distinguish between the arrangement of vascular tissues in roots and shoots.
In roots the vascular tissue is arranged in apical meristems located at the tips,
lateral meristems develop in the shoots.
Using a diagram, describe the basic structure of a root, a stem, and a leaf.
Look at pgs. 204-206 in AP Review Book.
Chapter 36
List three levels in which transport in plants occurs and describe the role of aquaporins.
Cellular, Organ and whole-plant levels.
Define water potential.
Water potential – solute concentration and pressure are incorporated into this
single measurement
Explain how solute concentration and pressure affects water potential.
Solute concentration and pressure affect water potential by either increasing or
decreasing it
Predict the direction of net water movement based upon differences in water potential
between a plant cell and a hypoosmotic environment, a hyperosmotic environment or an
isosmotic environment.
hypoosmotic – lower concentration moves to the higher
hyerosmotic – higher concentration moves to the lower
isosmotic – the concentration stays the same on both sides
According to the transpiration-cohesion-adhesion theory, describe how xylem sap can be
pulled upward in xylem vessels.
Due to negative pressure or tension the evaporation of water from plants removes
water from the leaves and develops within the xylem.
Explain why a water potential gradient is required for the passive flow of water through a
plant, from soil.
It is required for the passive flow so as to know how much concentration is
needed within the plant.
Describe both the disadvantages and benefits of transpiration.
The benefits are that it moderates the water concentration on plants and therefore
allows them to grow, but in case of drought the plants will die off quicker.
List three cues that contribute to stomatal opening at dawn.
light, potassium guard cells accumulate potassium
Describe environmental stresses that can cause stomata to close during the daytime.
Excessive potassium, flash of darkness
Chapter 37
Distinguish between macronutrient and micronutrient.
Macronutrient – elements required by plants in relatively large amounts
micronutrient – elements required in very small amounts.
List the nine macronutrients required by plants and describe their importance in normal
plant structure and metabolism.
Carbon - organic compound, Oxygen – organic, Hydrogen – organic, Nitrogen –
nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, and coenzymes, Sulfur – component of
proteins, Phosphorus – nuc acid, phospholipids, ATP, Potassium, Calcium and
Magnesium.
List seven micronutrients required by plants and explain why plants need only minute
quantities of these elements.
Chlorine – water – splitting, Iron – cytochromes, activates enzymes, Manganese –
active in formation of amino acids, zinc – chlorophyll, Copper, Molybdenum,
Nickel
Explain how humus contributes to the texture and composition of soil.
Humus us the decomposing organic material formed. It prevents clay from
packing together and builds and crumbly soil.
Explain why plants cannot extract all of the water in soil.
The can not extract all of the water because some of it is tightly held by
hydrophilic soil particles,
List the three mineral elements that are most commonly deficient in farm soils.
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Describe the environmental consequence of overusing commercial fertilizers.
Commercial fertilizers may lead to the pollution of lakes and streams and they are
not long retained in the soil.
Describe modifications for nutrition that have evolved among plants including parasitic
plants, carnivorous plants, and mycorrhizae.
Parasitic – uses projections called haustoria
Carnivorous plants – digest insects for nutrients
Mycorrhizae – they either help or invade the root
Chapter 38
Outline the angiosperm life cycle.
Look in notes in Biology Folder
List the four floral parts in their order from outside to inside of the flower.
Petal, sepal, stigma, style, anther, filament, ovary, receptacol, and the ovule
From a diagram of an idealized flower, correctly label the following structures and
describe their function:
a. Sepals c. Stamen: filament and anther
b. Petals d. Carpel: style, ovary, ovule and stigma
Look in notes in Biology Folder
Explain by which generation, structure, and process spores are produced.
The diploid plant called a sporophyte is produces spores by meiosis.
Explain by which generation, structures, and process gametes are produced.
In the haploid generation, the gametophyte structure gametes are produces my
mitosis.
Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.
Pollination is when an animal leaves behind traces of something upon a flower,
fertilization is when they decompose and leave their nutrients behind for the
plants
Describe how pollen can be transferred between flowers.
Pollen can be wind- dispersed from flower to flower. The bee can land on one
plant and then may pass on that pollen to a different plant because of wind.
From a diagram, identify the following structures of a seed and recall a function for each:
a. Seed coat d. Radicle g. Endosperm
b. Embryo e. Epicotyl h. Cotyledons
c. Hypocotyl f. Plumule i. Shoot apex
Look in notes in Biology notebook.
Explain how a monocot and dicot seed differ.
The dicot has a vascular cambium while the monocot does not. Also the monocot
system has sparingly dispersed vascular cylinders within it, while the dicot has
evenly spaced out and uniformly placed vascular cylinders.
Describe several functions of fruit and explain how fruits form.
Fruits are used for seed dispersal and protect the enclosed seed. The seed
dehydrates and forms a seed coat, the fruit then begins to form.