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Gravity Because the earth is so large ALL objects are pulled towards it. Objects fall towards the earth at the same rate (acceleration). Acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2 for ALL objects. Air resistance slows down the speed of a falling object. Because the air particles have mass, they have Inertia. The amount of air resistance depends on the size and shape of the object falling. Free Fall – When only gravity is acting on an object, no other forces are involved. Orbiting – An object is pulled towards the center by gravity. The object also has forward velocity. Combined they equal the orbit of an object. Centripetal Force – “towards the center”. In an orbit, it is gravity. Projectile Motion – Similar to an orbit, it is the curved path that an object in flight follows. Projectile motion has two components, Horizontal and Vertical Horizontal motion is side to side and is constant, except for air resistance Vertical motion is changing due to gravity. All objects are pulled down. We must look at each component separately and then combine them. Ex. A ball rolling across a table has a horizontal component only, no vertical component. Once it hits the edge of the table, now it has a vertical component. White Ball Vert – 9.8 m/s Hor – 0 m/s Gray Ball Vert - 9.8 m/s Hor – 3 m/s Vert – 19.6 m/s Hor – 0 m/s Vert - 19.6 m/s Hor – 3 m/s Vert – 27.4 m/s Hor – 0 m/s Vert - 27.4 m/s Hor – 3 m/s Newtons Laws of Motion 1st Law – An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion at a constant speed and a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force. (think inertia). 2nd Law – The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied to that object. Acceleration decreases as mass increases. Acceleration decreases as force decreases. Reminder we measure force in Newtons. 1N = 1 kg m /s2 Formula Force = mass x acceleration 100 kg F = ma F = ma 5N = 100kg (a) 5N 5N_ 100kg =.05 m/s2 100 kg a = 10 m/s2 F = ma F = 100kg (10 m/s2) = 1,000N 3rd Law – When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second objects exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. (Forces always act in pairs). Action = Reaction (forces in pairs) Momentum – is like inertia, it is the mass x velocity The more mass or velocity it has, the more momentum it has. Ex. Bowling ball (catching or throwing) Formula Momentum = Mass x Velocity P=mxv Transfer of momentum – momentum moves from one object to another. Before After Before After Conservation of Momentum – When two objects collide, they can change or exchange momentum, but the total momentum, stays the same. Momentum before the collision = Momentum after the collision BEFORE 10 m/s 0 m /s 0 m /s 50 m/s 50kg 50kg 10kg 500 10kg /s + 0 kg m/s = 500 kg m/s kg m AFTER 0 /s + 500 kg m/s = 500 kg m/s kg m BEFORE 5 m /s 0 m /s 0 m /s 50 m/s 50kg 50kg 50kg 250 50kg /s + 0 kg m/s = 250 kg m/s kg m AFTER 0 /s + 250 kg m/s = 250 kg m/s kg m BEFORE 10 m/s 0 m /s 5 m /s 25 m/s 50kg 50kg 10kg 500 10kg /s + 0 kg m/s = 500 kg m/s kg m AFTER 250 /s + 250 = 500 kg m/s kg m kg m /s