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Chapter Guide PT 2
Chapter 7
1. Clustering: Is the tendency to remember similar or related items in groups
2. Conceptual hierarchy: Is a multilevel classification system based on common
properties among items.
3. Schema: Is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or
even abstracted from previous experience with the object or event.
4. Semantic network: Consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together
by pathways that link related concepts.
5. Spreading Activation: when people think about a word their thoughts
naturally go to related words.
6. Connectionist model: The cognitive processes depend on patterns of
activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble
neutral networks.
7. Parallel distributed processing nodes: Cognitive processes depend on
patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that
resemble neutral networks. PDP models assert that specific memories
correspond to particular patterns of activation in these networks.
8. Pathways: The lines connecting the nodes.
Chapter 7 Question Guide PT 2
1. Long term memory or LTM can store an unlimited amount of memory
for a long period of time. The idea that LTM is permanently stored is
that only reason that information cannot be retrieved through LTM is
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that it has been forgotten. Research that has been done that
provides settlement to this issue is when Wilder Penfield reported
that he triggered long lost memories through ESB (electrical
stimulation of the brain) which through this elicited vivid memories of
the past. The idea that long term memory fades with time is decay
meaning that the memory isn’t as valid as it was the first time it was
introduced I.E. the September 11th attacks which was considered a
“flashbulb memory” will not be as vivid and elaborative today as it was
6 years ago when it happened. Some types of distortions of memory
occur are decay and interference.
Flashbulb memories are unusually vivid and detailed recollections of
momentous events the vivid detail of Kennedy’s assassination 40 years
ago would seem to provide a striking example of permanent storage.
How ever these lines of evidence don’t demonstrate that LTM
storage is permanent. Closer study eventually showed that the
remarkable memories activated by ESB were really hallucinations,
dreams and loose storage. Subsequent research has undermined the
notion that flashbulb memories represent an instance of permanent
storage. And although flashbulb memories tend to be strong vivid and
detailed studies show that they are neither as accurate nor as special
as once believed. Like other memories they become less detailed and
complete with time and are often inaccurate.
Short term memory and long term memory were thought to be
dependent on different types of encoding and different types of
forgetting. Short term memory is said to be encoded through
phonemic encoding while long term is semantic encoding. LTM is
different from STM in forgetting by forgetting caused by
interference being the primary reason for LTM and in contrast decay
with STM.
Interference, decay, semantic and phonemic fit into the concept of
memory storage by forgetting in STM is thought to be by decay
which is through a period of time the memory starts to fade while
interference is laid out to LTM meaning that there are more than one
stimuli competing for attention. STM is thought to be shallow
phonemic encoding while semantic encoding for LTM is to be very
deep processing.
Some of the ways that humans tend to organize information for
memory and later recall them are Chunks which is grouping familiar
stimuli stored as a single unit, also people use clustering which is the
tendency to remember similar or related items in group, then
conceptional hierarchy which is a multilevel classification system
based on common properties among items these are ways the ways
humans tend to organize information for memory later to recall them.
6. Schema is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular
object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object
or event. Schema can either hurt recall accuracy by making false
statements that are not consistent with their schema while schema
can help recall performance by remembering things that are
consistent with their schema that things that are not.
7. The benefit of a spreading activation to recall is you can remember
multiple things or recall multiple things I.E. Fire
engine>Fire>House>Ambulance spreading activation connects to other
thoughts. The strength of connection has to deal with a high word
I.E. joker not a low word I.E. justice because then your brain cannot
make the spreading activation the strength of connection deals with
the word allowing your thoughts to do the spreading activation, the
strength of activation decreases as it travels outward I.E. much as
ripples decrease in size as they radiate outward from a rock tossed
into a pond.
8. Connectionist’s models of memory are from how neutral networks
appear to handle information. The difference between neural
networks and behavior of individual neurons is semantic networks the
specific nodes represent specific concepts or pieces of knowledge. In
connectionist networks a piece of knowledge is shown by a particular
pattern of activation across an entire network. So the information
lies in the strengths of the connections. Parallel distributive
processing (PDP) strength approach is connectionist models provide a
highly conceivable account for how mental structures may be from
neural structures. The strength of the model is that the importance
on PDP is that it describes human cognitive functioning more suitable
than others.